{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125656803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","title":"Discovering continuous-time memory-based symbolic policies using genetic programming","display_name":"Discovering continuous-time memory-based symbolic policies using genetic programming","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125656803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099051616","display_name":"Sigur de Vries","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295801184","display_name":"Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/05csn2x06","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184","https://openalex.org/I1322597698"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sigur de Vries","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3874-166X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091367014","display_name":"Sander Keemink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-6724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295801184","display_name":"Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/05csn2x06","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184","https://openalex.org/I1322597698"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sander Keemink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123816605","display_name":"Marcel van Gerven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295801184","display_name":"Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/05csn2x06","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184","https://openalex.org/I1322597698"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel van Gerven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Learning and Neural Computing, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099051616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295801184"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":35.3865,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98794598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-regression","display_name":"Symbolic regression","score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-symbolic","display_name":"The Symbolic","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-data-analysis","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","score":0.3700999915599823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8421000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776400721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18171762","display_name":"Symbolic regression","level":3,"score":0.7537999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776095079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489538","display_name":"The Symbolic","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65620979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661176","display_name":"Symbolic data analysis","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661193","display_name":"Symbolic trajectory evaluation","level":3,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26205005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514059","display_name":"Symbolic artificial intelligence","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/328312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/328312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-025-09530-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6077708005905151,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2256516617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KICH3.L TP.20.006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321013","display_name":"Radboud Universiteit","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329456","display_name":"Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125656803.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125656803.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515116843","https://openalex.org/W1542537595","https://openalex.org/W1552798612","https://openalex.org/W1571917368","https://openalex.org/W1593492645","https://openalex.org/W1979769287","https://openalex.org/W2000982516","https://openalex.org/W2010615382","https://openalex.org/W2013997972","https://openalex.org/W2019625726","https://openalex.org/W2036259226","https://openalex.org/W2040492000","https://openalex.org/W2093031643","https://openalex.org/W2093828424","https://openalex.org/W2100004220","https://openalex.org/W2110905806","https://openalex.org/W2111935653","https://openalex.org/W2113475831","https://openalex.org/W2113834117","https://openalex.org/W2114299759","https://openalex.org/W2124434282","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2129737673","https://openalex.org/W2146168695","https://openalex.org/W2166963499","https://openalex.org/W2284510407","https://openalex.org/W2525595851","https://openalex.org/W2558771087","https://openalex.org/W2724228633","https://openalex.org/W2798813326","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2910230154","https://openalex.org/W2963672746","https://openalex.org/W2981836045","https://openalex.org/W2999026783","https://openalex.org/W3020975691","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3082925502","https://openalex.org/W3088836971","https://openalex.org/W3177718704","https://openalex.org/W3194668998","https://openalex.org/W3207569066","https://openalex.org/W3211024470","https://openalex.org/W4294990616","https://openalex.org/W4316115594","https://openalex.org/W4377971347","https://openalex.org/W4385490607","https://openalex.org/W4389665609","https://openalex.org/W4391840920","https://openalex.org/W4394963598","https://openalex.org/W4395093927","https://openalex.org/W4399570217","https://openalex.org/W4413217111"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"techniques":[2],"are":[3,54],"increasingly":[4],"being":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7],"solve":[8],"control":[9,28,96],"problems,":[10],"but":[11],"often":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14,92,109],"black-box":[15,90,135],"methods":[16],"without":[17],"transparent":[18],"output":[19],"generation.":[20],"To":[21],"improve":[22],"the":[23,51,99,102],"interpretability":[24,129],"and":[25,48,130],"transparency":[26],"in":[27,45,74,104,134],"systems,":[29],"models":[30],"can":[31],"be":[32],"defined":[33],"as":[34],"white-box":[35],"symbolic":[36,52,78,84,105,124],"policies":[37,53,75,85,91,106,113,125],"described":[38],"by":[39,59,64],"mathematical":[40],"expressions.":[41,79],"For":[42],"better":[43,128],"performance":[44],"partially":[46],"observable":[47],"volatile":[49],"environments,":[50],"extended":[55],"with":[56,86,89],"memory":[57,87,103],"represented":[58],"continuous-time":[60],"latent":[61],"variables,":[62],"governed":[63],"differential":[65],"equations.":[66],"Genetic":[67],"programming":[68],"is":[69,107],"used":[70],"for":[71,121],"optimisation,":[72],"resulting":[73],"consisting":[76],"of":[77,95,101],"Our":[80],"results":[81],"show":[82],"that":[83,126],"compare":[88],"a":[93,119],"variety":[94],"tasks.":[97],"Furthermore,":[98],"benefit":[100],"demonstrated":[108],"experiments":[110],"where":[111],"memory-less":[112],"fall":[114],"short.":[115],"Overall,":[116],"we":[117],"present":[118],"method":[120],"evolving":[122],"high-performing":[123],"offer":[127],"transparency,":[131],"which":[132],"lacks":[133],"models.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-26T00:00:00"}