{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136158458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","title":"Evolving continuous optimisers from scratch","display_name":"Evolving continuous optimisers from scratch","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136158458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","mag":"3136158458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049325379","display_name":"Michael A. Lones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Lones","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK","School of Mathematical & Computer Sciences"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical & Computer Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049325379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03484205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"395","last_page":"428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.7370296716690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.7068313360214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.6101588010787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.569939374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.44873765110969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.44634106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4333629012107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3760136365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13824522495269775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.7370296716690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.7068313360214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.6101588010787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.569939374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.44873765110969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.44634106755256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4333629012107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3760136365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13824522495269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.11746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11746","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.11746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3136158458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.11746v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.11746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.11746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10710-021-09414-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47930974","display_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","issn_l":"1389-2576","issn":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136158458.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136158458.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165086718","https://openalex.org/W1503296932","https://openalex.org/W1557278687","https://openalex.org/W1593481303","https://openalex.org/W1776403092","https://openalex.org/W1977683584","https://openalex.org/W1996387510","https://openalex.org/W2004940603","https://openalex.org/W2013695155","https://openalex.org/W2025508963","https://openalex.org/W2032982318","https://openalex.org/W2041654463","https://openalex.org/W2072441740","https://openalex.org/W2095943421","https://openalex.org/W2107230221","https://openalex.org/W2115056864","https://openalex.org/W2126328232","https://openalex.org/W2136414484","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2208154600","https://openalex.org/W2376316028","https://openalex.org/W2564330218","https://openalex.org/W2833052545","https://openalex.org/W2857076374","https://openalex.org/W2888315729","https://openalex.org/W2945706984","https://openalex.org/W2951665692","https://openalex.org/W2957867569","https://openalex.org/W2960193099","https://openalex.org/W2979092933","https://openalex.org/W2991340219","https://openalex.org/W3041432865","https://openalex.org/W3048852632","https://openalex.org/W3083175990","https://openalex.org/W3128946898","https://openalex.org/W4211145153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203864068","https://openalex.org/W3102783071","https://openalex.org/W3103812225","https://openalex.org/W2615874234","https://openalex.org/W2119657186","https://openalex.org/W3175033831","https://openalex.org/W1493579944","https://openalex.org/W1554094814","https://openalex.org/W2009800145","https://openalex.org/W2498912155","https://openalex.org/W1973147052","https://openalex.org/W3033963148","https://openalex.org/W2766927516","https://openalex.org/W1494316446","https://openalex.org/W2236499470","https://openalex.org/W3047305701","https://openalex.org/W1480730390","https://openalex.org/W3135263267","https://openalex.org/W2006721374","https://openalex.org/W3159238176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,88,106],"work":[2],"uses":[3],"genetic":[4],"programming":[5],"to":[6,25,48,68,118,124],"explore":[7,52],"the":[8,14,27,31,78,90],"space":[9,29],"of":[10,16,20,59,77,97,112,133],"continuous":[11],"optimisers,":[12],"with":[13],"goal":[15],"discovering":[17],"novel":[18,93],"ways":[19],"doing":[21],"optimisation.":[22],"In":[23],"order":[24],"keep":[26],"search":[28],"broad,":[30],"optimisers":[32,45,80,114,125],"are":[33,46],"evolved":[34,79,113],"from":[35],"scratch":[36],"using":[37,56],"Push,":[38],"a":[39,57,130],"Turing-complete,":[40],"general-purpose,":[41],"language.":[42],"The":[43],"resulting":[44],"found":[47],"be":[49,100,116],"diverse,":[50],"and":[51,61,83,94,136],"their":[53,121],"optimisation":[54,98],"landscapes":[55],"variety":[58,132],"interesting,":[60],"sometimes":[62],"unusual,":[63],"strategies.":[64],"Significantly,":[65],"when":[66],"applied":[67],"problems":[69],"that":[70,92,110,126],"were":[71],"not":[72],"seen":[73],"during":[74],"training,":[75],"many":[76],"generalise":[81],"well,":[82],"often":[84],"outperform":[85],"existing":[86],"optimisers.":[87],"supports":[89],"idea":[91],"effective":[95],"forms":[96],"can":[99,115],"discovered":[101],"in":[102],"an":[103],"automated":[104],"manner.":[105],"paper":[107],"also":[108],"shows":[109],"pools":[111],"hybridised":[117],"further":[119],"increase":[120],"generality,":[122],"leading":[123],"perform":[127],"robustly":[128],"over":[129],"broad":[131],"problem":[134],"types":[135],"sizes.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}