{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405640204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","title":"Possibilities and challenges in the moral growth of large language models: a philosophical perspective","display_name":"Possibilities and challenges in the moral growth of large language models: a philosophical perspective","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405640204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100769323","display_name":"Guoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4330-2629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I222723317","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I222723317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology Ethics for Human Future, China Association for Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China","Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology Ethics for Human Future, China Association for Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I222723317","https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043931341","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-7312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013392906","display_name":"Yiqin Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Philosophy, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100525584","display_name":"Yan Teng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069707964","display_name":"Qingjie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6806-2089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyu Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039059501","display_name":"Haofen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3018-3824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haofen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101737740","display_name":"Junyu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4007-9681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I222723317","display_name":"China Association for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035vmht26","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I222723317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Technology Ethics for Human Future, China Association for Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Technology Ethics for Human Future, China Association for Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I222723317","https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113974895","display_name":"Jiaxin Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300757298","display_name":"Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/030xwyx96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300757298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300757298","https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023719440","display_name":"Jin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cybersecurity, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613140","display_name":"Ying\u2010Chun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingchun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039059501","https://openalex.org/A5100769323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780","https://openalex.org/I222723317","https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":3.3571,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92923785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.7325993180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.5320252776145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.49103784561157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophical-methodology","display_name":"Philosophical methodology","score":0.42406466603279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.39883190393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29449132084846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2719539403915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09837040305137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08281880617141724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.7325993180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5320252776145935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.49103784561157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139172840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7186193","display_name":"Philosophical methodology","level":2,"score":0.42406466603279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.39883190393447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29449132084846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2719539403915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09837040305137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08281880617141724}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-024-09818-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2286054851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L2224015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5797785011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405640204.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W910033354","https://openalex.org/W1999850382","https://openalex.org/W2018259456","https://openalex.org/W2026829965","https://openalex.org/W2129900561","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W2617394612","https://openalex.org/W2786522954","https://openalex.org/W2797784986","https://openalex.org/W3002093512","https://openalex.org/W3092025802","https://openalex.org/W3105871743","https://openalex.org/W3110648930","https://openalex.org/W3134077149","https://openalex.org/W3194464763","https://openalex.org/W3209451673","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4224866872","https://openalex.org/W4234418978","https://openalex.org/W4285392457","https://openalex.org/W4366817401","https://openalex.org/W4385572266","https://openalex.org/W6616416986","https://openalex.org/W6629272093","https://openalex.org/W6632088686","https://openalex.org/W6635771294","https://openalex.org/W6668170188","https://openalex.org/W6680514495","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2018871932","https://openalex.org/W641279757","https://openalex.org/W370975646","https://openalex.org/W1670566515","https://openalex.org/W4242022592","https://openalex.org/W4321482283","https://openalex.org/W3123918809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,12,28,55,75,97,101,106,115,142,146,167,194,216,223,234],"rapid":[2],"expansion":[3],"of":[4,14,31,74,77,108,145,158,170,205,218,225],"parameters":[5,125],"in":[6,27,72],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"and":[11,69,94,126,135,154,190,212,222,240],"application":[13],"Reinforcement":[15],"Learning":[16],"with":[17,48],"Human":[18],"Feedback":[19],"(RLHF),":[20],"there":[21],"has":[22,149,172],"been":[23,173],"a":[24,151],"noticeable":[25],"growth":[26,58,68,221],"moral":[29,57,67,79,121,130,132,136,143,159,168,184,220],"competence":[30,122,144,169],"LLMs.":[32,109],"However,":[33],"several":[34],"questions":[35],"warrant":[36],"further":[37,95],"exploration:":[38],"Is":[39],"it":[40],"really":[41],"possible":[42],"for":[43,118,228,236],"LLMs":[44,171,213],"to":[45,84,92,99,164,202],"fully":[46],"align":[47],"human":[49,78,180],"values":[50],"through":[51,175,186],"RLHF?":[52],"How":[53],"can":[54,161],"current":[56,102],"be":[59,162],"philosophically":[60],"contextualized?":[61],"We":[62,81],"identify":[63],"similarities":[64],"between":[65,210],"LLMs\u2019":[66,120,183,219],"Deweyan":[70],"ethics":[71],"terms":[73],"discourse":[76],"development.":[80],"then":[82],"attempt":[83],"use":[85],"Dewey\u2019s":[86,155],"theory":[87,157],"on":[88],"an":[89],"experimental":[90],"basis":[91],"examine":[93],"explain":[96,165],"extent":[98],"which":[100],"alignment":[103],"pathway":[104],"enables":[105],"development":[107,160,185],"A":[110],"beating":[111],"experiment":[112],"serves":[113],"as":[114],"foundational":[116],"case":[117],"analyzing":[119],"across":[123],"various":[124],"stages,":[127],"including":[128],"basic":[129],"cognition,":[131],"dilemma":[133],"judgment,":[134],"behavior.":[137],"The":[138],"results":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"that":[141],"GPT":[147],"series":[148],"seen":[150],"significant":[152],"improvement,":[153],"Impulse-Habit-Character":[156],"used":[163],"this:":[166],"enhanced":[174],"experience-based":[176],"learning,":[177],"supported":[178],"by":[179,198],"feedback.":[181],"Nevertheless,":[182],"RLHF":[187,227],"remains":[188],"constrained":[189],"does":[191],"not":[192],"reach":[193],"character":[195],"stage":[196],"described":[197],"Dewey,":[199],"possibly":[200],"due":[201],"their":[203],"lack":[204],"self-consciousness.":[206],"This":[207],"fundamental":[208],"difference":[209],"humans":[211],"underscores":[214],"both":[215],"limitations":[217],"challenges":[224],"applying":[226],"AI":[229],"alignment.":[230],"It":[231],"also":[232],"emphasizes":[233],"need":[235],"external":[237],"societal":[238],"governance":[239],"legal":[241],"regulation.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}