{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320485586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","title":"AWS compliance with the ethical principle of proportionality: three possible solutions","display_name":"AWS compliance with the ethical principle of proportionality: three possible solutions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320485586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101661122","display_name":"Maciej Zaj\u0105c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108857","display_name":"Institute of Philosophy and Sociology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pe10g60","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108857","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maciek Zaj\u0105c","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108857","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101661122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108857","https://openalex.org/I99542240"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":15.8265,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98713251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12957","display_name":"War, Ethics, and Justification","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","score":0.919895350933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.7246811389923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collateral-damage","display_name":"Collateral damage","score":0.7140411138534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collateral","display_name":"Collateral","score":0.4754740297794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.4564320147037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4221607446670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.4131462275981903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39048221707344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3815406560897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36906877160072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.35864630341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.281660258769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1840122640132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1730048954486847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09747335314750671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.919895350933075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.7246811389923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993632694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45939","display_name":"Collateral damage","level":2,"score":0.7140411138534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694563","display_name":"Collateral","level":2,"score":0.4754740297794342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4564320147037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4221607446670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.4131462275981903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39048221707344055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3815406560897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36906877160072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.35864630341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.281660258769989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1840122640132904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1730048954486847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09747335314750671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/ZAJACW","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/ZAJACW","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/ZAJACW.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/ZAJACW","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/ZAJACW","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-023-09689-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6138582518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022/44/C/HS1/00051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320485586.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207876014","https://openalex.org/W1539346396","https://openalex.org/W1847223431","https://openalex.org/W2065214919","https://openalex.org/W2090384436","https://openalex.org/W2097524392","https://openalex.org/W2103432527","https://openalex.org/W2138237262","https://openalex.org/W2157615224","https://openalex.org/W2171125189","https://openalex.org/W2605547471","https://openalex.org/W2973877921","https://openalex.org/W2982532897","https://openalex.org/W3122129246","https://openalex.org/W4230381325","https://openalex.org/W4243758463","https://openalex.org/W4249491675","https://openalex.org/W4252382080","https://openalex.org/W4252778614","https://openalex.org/W4300459321","https://openalex.org/W4302400257","https://openalex.org/W4312236423","https://openalex.org/W6620507887","https://openalex.org/W6764668765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W267668425","https://openalex.org/W4285653978","https://openalex.org/W1973219869","https://openalex.org/W3128439003","https://openalex.org/W2237308493","https://openalex.org/W4240235431","https://openalex.org/W1501131365","https://openalex.org/W2266487518","https://openalex.org/W4382404268","https://openalex.org/W2291250162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,133],"ethical":[2,35],"Principle":[3],"of":[4,21,37,51,74,80,120,138],"Proportionality":[5,53,67,86,149],"requires":[6],"combatants":[7],"not":[8],"to":[9,16,34,48,85,96,126,160],"cause":[10],"collateral":[11,70,123],"harm":[12],"excessive":[13],"in":[14,55,103,106,129,145,152,165],"comparison":[15],"the":[17,49,64],"anticipated":[18,75],"military":[19,76,127],"advantage":[20],"an":[22],"attack.":[23],"This":[24,42],"principle":[25],"is":[26],"considered":[27],"a":[28,116],"major":[29],"(and":[30],"perhaps":[31],"insurmountable)":[32],"obstacle":[33],"use":[36],"autonomous":[38],"weapon":[39],"systems":[40],"(AWS).":[41],"article":[43,134],"reviews":[44],"three":[45,65,140],"possible":[46,83],"solutions":[47],"problem":[50],"achieving":[52,147],"compliance":[54,87,141,150],"AWS.":[56],"In":[57],"doing":[58],"so,":[59],"I":[60],"describe":[61],"and":[62,78,115,156],"discuss":[63],"components":[66],"judgments,":[68],"namely":[69],"damage":[71,124],"estimation,":[72],"assessment":[73],"advantage,":[77],"judgment":[79],"\u201cexcessiveness\u201d.":[81],"Some":[82],"approaches":[84],"are":[88,110],"then":[89],"presented,":[90],"such":[91],"as":[92],"restricting":[93],"AWS":[94,102,159],"operations":[95],"environments":[97,155],"lacking":[98],"civilian":[99],"presence,":[100],"using":[101],"targeted":[104],"strikes":[105],"which":[107],"proportionality":[108],"judgments":[109],"pre-made":[111],"by":[112],"human":[113],"commanders,":[114],"\u2018price":[117],"tag\u2019":[118],"approach":[119],"pre-assigning":[121],"acceptable":[122,148],"values":[125],"hardware":[128],"conventional":[130,166],"attritional":[131],"warfare.":[132,167],"argues":[135],"that":[136],"application":[137],"these":[139],"methods":[142],"would":[143],"result":[144],"AWS\u2019":[146],"levels":[151],"many":[153],"combat":[154],"scenarios,":[157],"allowing":[158],"perform":[161],"most":[162],"key":[163],"tasks":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
