{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225744344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","title":"Reflection machines: increasing meaningful human control over Decision Support Systems","display_name":"Reflection machines: increasing meaningful human control over Decision Support Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225744344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052440368","display_name":"N. A. J. Cornelissen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. A. J. Cornelissen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003304870","display_name":"R. J. M. van Eerdt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. J. M. van Eerdt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023907150","display_name":"Hanna Schraffenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1847-2754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. K. Schraffenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050335741","display_name":"Pim Haselager","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W. F. G. Haselager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4077-9560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050335741"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.904166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7141225337982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6619478464126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.6571573615074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5750576853752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.5646412372589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.477251261472702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-decision-support-system","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","score":0.46241211891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44502002000808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making","display_name":"Decision-making","score":0.443403422832489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44079670310020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013machine-system","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","score":0.4273836612701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3806602656841278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33341270685195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3295630216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1148291528224945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7141225337982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6619478464126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.6571573615074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5750576853752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.5646412372589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.477251261472702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.46241211891174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44502002000808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122308676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision-making","level":3,"score":0.443403422832489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44079670310020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146047270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","level":2,"score":0.4273836612701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3806602656841278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33341270685195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3295630216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1148291528224945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778813691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369832","display_name":"Purchasing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/249258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/249258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/249258","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/249258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology, 24","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09645-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225744344.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225744344.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535357018","https://openalex.org/W1995741233","https://openalex.org/W2081391452","https://openalex.org/W2087710120","https://openalex.org/W2342299174","https://openalex.org/W2346884567","https://openalex.org/W2493343568","https://openalex.org/W2728148358","https://openalex.org/W2755309196","https://openalex.org/W2785194163","https://openalex.org/W2792435043","https://openalex.org/W2801646001","https://openalex.org/W2897263935","https://openalex.org/W2917590331","https://openalex.org/W2989274615","https://openalex.org/W2990471853","https://openalex.org/W3045593930","https://openalex.org/W3160005967","https://openalex.org/W4252330433","https://openalex.org/W6990383586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992937059","https://openalex.org/W4380608672","https://openalex.org/W2186042616","https://openalex.org/W2506425605","https://openalex.org/W4247600325","https://openalex.org/W4376055808","https://openalex.org/W2375005546","https://openalex.org/W1837558564","https://openalex.org/W2362343073","https://openalex.org/W1597645084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Rapid":[1],"developments":[2],"in":[3,18,122],"Artificial":[4],"Intelligence":[5],"are":[6],"leading":[7],"to":[8,32,41,94,138,152,157],"an":[9],"increasing":[10],"human":[11,28],"reliance":[12],"on":[13,73,119],"machine":[14],"decision":[15,49,60,88],"making.":[16,61],"Even":[17],"collaborative":[19],"efforts":[20],"with":[21],"Decision":[22],"Support":[23],"Systems":[24],"(DSSs),":[25],"where":[26],"a":[27,77,109,113],"expert":[29,44],"is":[30],"expected":[31],"make":[33],"the":[34,43,48,67,123,131,149,159],"final":[35],"decisions,":[36],"it":[37],"can":[38,105,116],"be":[39],"hard":[40],"keep":[42,63],"actively":[45,65],"involved":[46],"throughout":[47],"process.":[50],"DSSs":[51],"suggest":[52],"their":[53,87,96,165],"own":[54,97],"solutions":[55],"and":[56,70,90,107,125,155,167],"thus":[57],"invite":[58],"passive":[59],"To":[62],"humans":[64],"\u2018on\u2019":[66],"decision-making":[68],"loop":[69],"counter":[71],"overreliance":[72],"machines,":[74],"we":[75,147],"propose":[76],"\u2018reflection":[78],"machine\u2019":[79],"(RM).":[80],"This":[81],"system":[82],"asks":[83],"users":[84],"questions":[85],"about":[86],"strategy":[89],"thereby":[91],"prompts":[92],"them":[93],"evaluate":[95],"decisions":[98,121],"critically.":[99],"We":[100,128],"discuss":[101],"what":[102],"forms":[103],"RMs":[104,154],"take":[106],"present":[108],"proof-of-concept":[110],"implementation":[111],"of":[112],"RM":[114],"that":[115,130],"produce":[117],"feedback":[118],"users\u2019":[120],"medical":[124],"law":[126],"domains.":[127],"show":[129],"prototype":[132],"requires":[133],"very":[134],"little":[135],"domain":[136],"knowledge":[137],"create":[139],"reasonably":[140],"intelligent":[141],"critiquing":[142],"questions.":[143],"With":[144],"this":[145],"prototype,":[146],"demonstrate":[148],"technical":[150],"feasibility":[151],"develop":[153],"hope":[156],"pave":[158],"way":[160],"for":[161],"future":[162],"research":[163],"into":[164],"effectiveness":[166],"value.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
