{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226368433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","title":"Algorithmic decision-making employing profiling: will trade secrecy protection render the right to explanation toothless?","display_name":"Algorithmic decision-making employing profiling: will trade secrecy protection render the right to explanation toothless?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226368433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066159397","display_name":"P.B. de Laat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul B. de Laat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-8606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066159397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.7978,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97254671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.7781322598457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.7542997598648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.6790440082550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.4841090440750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47744637727737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.47675806283950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.341449111700058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3369235396385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3221522569656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26263880729675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.25318747758865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.20294040441513062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7781322598457336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.7542997598648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.6790440082550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.4841090440750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47744637727737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.47675806283950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.341449111700058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3369235396385193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3221522569656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26263880729675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25318747758865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.20294040441513062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/4c431ec6-8cb6-4596-8011-f148c8f0a10a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/4c431ec6-8cb6-4596-8011-f148c8f0a10a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"de Laat, P B 2022, 'Algorithmic decision-making employing profiling : will trade secrecy protection render the right to explanation toothless?', Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 24, no. 2, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/4c431ec6-8cb6-4596-8011-f148c8f0a10a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/4c431ec6-8cb6-4596-8011-f148c8f0a10a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"de Laat, P B 2022, 'Algorithmic decision-making employing profiling : will trade secrecy protection render the right to explanation toothless?', Ethics and Information Technology, vol. 24, no. 2, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-022-09642-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226368433.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226368433.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577578715","https://openalex.org/W1806647190","https://openalex.org/W1996796871","https://openalex.org/W2085724261","https://openalex.org/W2097556276","https://openalex.org/W2118022153","https://openalex.org/W2149033360","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2340281378","https://openalex.org/W2496621456","https://openalex.org/W2765204106","https://openalex.org/W2767837247","https://openalex.org/W2770363731","https://openalex.org/W2797418581","https://openalex.org/W2805089815","https://openalex.org/W2807036076","https://openalex.org/W2898694742","https://openalex.org/W2899579542","https://openalex.org/W2916048747","https://openalex.org/W2938423807","https://openalex.org/W2947656545","https://openalex.org/W2960518403","https://openalex.org/W2990556942","https://openalex.org/W3013149459","https://openalex.org/W3121876539","https://openalex.org/W3123686114","https://openalex.org/W3124443940","https://openalex.org/W3124457651","https://openalex.org/W3124792046","https://openalex.org/W3157172840","https://openalex.org/W3202452139","https://openalex.org/W4244201901","https://openalex.org/W6688572156","https://openalex.org/W6718991148","https://openalex.org/W6751923991","https://openalex.org/W6776346297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3023904974","https://openalex.org/W3190360152","https://openalex.org/W3161278213","https://openalex.org/W2004269425","https://openalex.org/W3122009362","https://openalex.org/W2143802533","https://openalex.org/W3147967677","https://openalex.org/W177394795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Algorithmic":[1],"decision-making":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4],"profiling":[5,93],"may":[6,253,294],"significantly":[7],"affect":[8],"people\u2019s":[9],"destinies.":[10],"As":[11],"a":[12,26,47,136,179,244,282],"rule,":[13],"however,":[14],"explanations":[15],"for":[16,25,45,90,178,193,284],"such":[17,46,243],"decisions":[18,94],"are":[19,22,42,74,208,268],"lacking.":[20],"What":[21],"the":[23,38,54,56,61,76,83,86,103,129,147,165,189,213,219,257,273,290],"chances":[24],"\u201cright":[27],"to":[28,30,64,78,99,133,159,168,186,210,222,227,292],"explanation\u201d":[29],"be":[31,65,100,113,121,128,169,211,295],"realized":[32],"soon?":[33],"After":[34],"an":[35,96],"exploration":[36],"of":[37,70,85,139,149,164,182,191,215,246,249],"regulatory":[39],"efforts":[40],"that":[41,157,204,241,256],"currently":[43],"pushing":[44],"right":[48,77,148,181,291],"it":[49],"is":[50,197,276],"concluded":[51],"that,":[52,265],"at":[53,277],"moment,":[55],"GDPR":[57],"stands":[58],"out":[59],"as":[60,115],"main":[62],"force":[63],"reckoned":[66],"with.":[67],"In":[68],"cases":[69],"profiling,":[71],"data":[72,287],"subjects":[73],"granted":[75],"receive":[79],"meaningful":[80],"information":[81],"about":[82],"functionality":[84],"system":[87],"in":[88,144,218,224,230,242,266,270],"use;":[89],"fully":[91],"automated":[92],"even":[95],"explanation":[97,285,293],"has":[98,232,237],"given.":[101],"However,":[102],"trade":[104],"secrets":[105],"and":[106,226],"intellectual":[107,250],"property":[108],"rights":[109,119],"(IPRs)":[110],"involved":[111],"must":[112,120],"respected":[114],"well.":[116],"These":[117],"conflicting":[118],"balanced":[122],"against":[123],"each":[124],"other;":[125],"what":[126],"will":[127],"outcome?":[130],"Looking":[131],"back":[132],"1995,":[134],"when":[135,206,279],"similar":[137],"kind":[138],"balancing":[140],"had":[141,167],"been":[142],"decreed":[143],"Europe":[145,236],"concerning":[146],"access":[150,183],"(DPD),":[151],"Wachter":[152],"et":[153],"al.":[154],"(2017)":[155],"find":[156],"according":[158],"judicial":[160],"opinion":[161],"only":[162],"generalities":[163],"algorithm":[166],"disclosed,":[170],"not":[171],"specific":[172],"details.":[173],"This":[174],"hardly":[175],"augurs":[176],"well":[177],"future":[180],"let":[184],"alone":[185],"explanation.":[187],"Thereupon":[188],"landscape":[190],"IPRs":[192],"machine":[194],"learning":[195],"(ML)":[196],"analysed.":[198],"Spurred":[199],"by":[200,286],"new":[201],"USPTO":[202],"guidelines":[203],"clarify":[205],"inventions":[207],"eligible":[209],"patented,":[212],"number":[214],"patent":[216],"applications":[217],"US":[220],"related":[221],"ML":[223,263],"general,":[225],"\u201cpredictive":[228],"analytics\u201d":[229],"particular,":[231],"soared":[233],"since":[234],"2010\u2014and":[235],"followed.":[238],"I":[239],"conjecture":[240],"climate":[245],"intensified":[247],"protection":[248],"property,":[251],"companies":[252],"legitimately":[254],"claim":[255],"more":[258,274],"their":[259],"application":[260],"combines":[261],"several":[262],"assets":[264],"addition,":[267],"useful":[269],"multiple":[271],"sectors,":[272],"value":[275],"stake":[278],"confronted":[280],"with":[281],"call":[283],"subjects.":[288],"Consequently,":[289],"severely":[296],"crippled.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
