{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3192223233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","title":"Non-empirical problems in fair machine learning","display_name":"Non-empirical problems in fair machine learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3192223233","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","mag":"3192223233"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019399575","display_name":"Teresa Scantamburlo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137980","display_name":"European Centre for Living Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kesq777","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137980"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Teresa Scantamburlo","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Centre for Living Technology, Ca\u2019Foscari University of Venice, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, 30123, Venice, Italy","European Centre for Living Technology, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, 30123, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3769-8874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre for Living Technology, Ca\u2019Foscari University of Venice, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, 30123, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137980"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Centre for Living Technology, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, 30123, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137980","https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019399575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666","https://openalex.org/I4210137980"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.3429,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83884298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"703","last_page":"712"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7360316514968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.7274519801139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberation","display_name":"Deliberation","score":0.6267198324203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.43467265367507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42384153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.41189101338386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3971746265888214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37555283308029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.17556357383728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09872972965240479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7360316514968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.7274519801139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776946740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358652","display_name":"Deliberation","level":3,"score":0.6267198324203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.43467265367507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42384153604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.41189101338386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3971746265888214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37555283308029175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.17556357383728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09872972965240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/3114842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3114842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/3752933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/3752933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10676-021-09608-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13096939","display_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","issn_l":"1388-1957","issn":["1388-1957","1572-8439"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethics and Information Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5163439141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192223233.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3192223233.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199246192","https://openalex.org/W418559614","https://openalex.org/W1585955867","https://openalex.org/W1603086384","https://openalex.org/W1904875463","https://openalex.org/W2010793828","https://openalex.org/W2025267317","https://openalex.org/W2031853666","https://openalex.org/W2050170171","https://openalex.org/W2055911580","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2103018059","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2166454173","https://openalex.org/W2203167467","https://openalex.org/W2551317447","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2778670458","https://openalex.org/W2790025105","https://openalex.org/W2792934256","https://openalex.org/W2808404826","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2897154134","https://openalex.org/W2950538796","https://openalex.org/W2962922665","https://openalex.org/W2963516506","https://openalex.org/W2963934714","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2995006168","https://openalex.org/W2995049953","https://openalex.org/W3098131897","https://openalex.org/W3133874049","https://openalex.org/W3168605939","https://openalex.org/W3215160418","https://openalex.org/W4237158659","https://openalex.org/W6605432767","https://openalex.org/W6607990137","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6686220208","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6748039686","https://openalex.org/W6809680140","https://openalex.org/W7042343549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2551865502","https://openalex.org/W4230501897","https://openalex.org/W3046025527","https://openalex.org/W3091948886","https://openalex.org/W2152214609","https://openalex.org/W2522351515","https://openalex.org/W2128903520","https://openalex.org/W1968028429","https://openalex.org/W1493656870","https://openalex.org/W3105571037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"problem":[2,189,213],"of":[3,19,68,85,105,144,156,165,214,228],"fair":[4,183],"machine":[5,184],"learning":[6],"has":[7,55,61,97],"drawn":[8],"much":[9],"attention":[10],"over":[11,172],"the":[12,17,52,66,86,94,103,113,149,154,157,179,188,212,217,226],"last":[13],"few":[14],"years":[15],"and":[16,77,83,90,109,130,146,167,192,194,234],"bulk":[18],"offered":[20],"solutions":[21],"are,":[22],"in":[23,128,225],"principle,":[24],"empirical.":[25],"However,":[26,93],"algorithmic":[27,69,215,229],"fairness":[28,89,106,174],"also":[29,98],"raises":[30],"important":[31,63,199],"conceptual":[32,223],"issues":[33,101,201],"that":[34,51,60,196,202],"would":[35],"fail":[36],"to":[37,65,75,124,182,221],"be":[38,204],"addressed":[39],"if":[40],"one":[41],"relies":[42],"entirely":[43],"on":[44,211],"empirical":[45,58,150,158,180],"considerations.":[46],"Herein,":[47],"I":[48,176],"will":[49,177,209],"argue":[50],"current":[53],"debate":[54],"developed":[56,119],"an":[57],"framework":[59,96],"brought":[62],"contributions":[64],"development":[67],"decision-making,":[70],"such":[71,140,231],"as":[72,232],"new":[73],"techniques":[74],"discover":[76],"prevent":[78],"discrimination,":[79],"additional":[80],"assessment":[81],"criteria,":[82],"analyses":[84],"interaction":[87],"between":[88],"predictive":[91],"accuracy.":[92],"same":[95],"suggested":[99],"higher-order":[100],"regarding":[102],"translation":[104],"into":[107,134],"metrics":[108],"quantifiable":[110],"trade-offs.":[111],"Although":[112],"(empirical)":[114],"tools":[115],"which":[116],"have":[117,171],"been":[118],"so":[120],"far":[121],"are":[122,198],"essential":[123],"address":[125],"discrimination":[126],"encoded":[127],"data":[129],"algorithms,":[131],"their":[132],"integration":[133],"society":[135],"elicits":[136],"key":[137],"(conceptual)":[138],"questions":[139],"as:":[141],"What":[142,163],"kind":[143,164],"assumptions":[145],"decisions":[147],"underlies":[148],"framework?":[151],"How":[152],"do":[153],"results":[155],"approach":[159,181],"penetrate":[160],"public":[161],"debate?":[162],"reflection":[166],"deliberation":[168],"should":[169,203],"stakeholders":[170],"available":[173],"metrics?":[175],"outline":[178],"learning,":[185],"i.e.":[186],"how":[187],"is":[190],"framed":[191],"addressed,":[193],"suggest":[195],"there":[197],"non-empirical":[200],"tackled.":[205],"While":[206],"this":[207],"work":[208],"focus":[210],"fairness,":[216],"lesson":[218],"can":[219],"extend":[220],"other":[222],"problems":[224],"analysis":[227],"decision-making":[230],"privacy":[233],"explainability.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}
