{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160708779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","title":"Leveraging large language models for sentiment analysis in GitHub pull request discussions","display_name":"Leveraging large language models for sentiment analysis in GitHub pull request discussions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160708779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135730881","display_name":"Daniel Coutinho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-2458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Coutinho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-2458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091458043","display_name":"Breno Braga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-0660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Breno Braga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9447-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119675168","display_name":"Theo Canuto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theo Canuto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3496-4197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051931293","display_name":"Juliana Alves Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Alves Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-2829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121126913","display_name":"Wesley K. G. Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley K. G. Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7557-9091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135755063","display_name":"Igor Steinmacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-5790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Steinmacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, AZ, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-5790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, AZ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135785292","display_name":"Marco Gerosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-7535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Gerosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, AZ, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-7535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Arizona University (NAU), Flagstaff, AZ, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135736820","display_name":"Alessandro Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-5215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-5215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5135730881"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60737414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5541999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5541999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.11959999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.03319999948143959,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jargon","display_name":"Jargon","score":0.8446000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-analysis","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4250999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777611551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17951","display_name":"Jargon","level":2,"score":0.8446000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8102999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.6284000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5331000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10868-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.42402857542037964,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G116629194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1363222504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"010002285/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1546977680","display_name":"POSE: Phase II:  Expanding the data.table ecosystem for efficient big data manipulation in R","funder_award_id":"2303612","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2107427097","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Learning Software Engineering by Contributing to Real Projects With Chatbot Assistance","funder_award_id":"2303042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G22113365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00x0ma614","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631301674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023/00811-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4596055754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4656142581","display_name":"A Learning Environment for an Open-Source Contribution Model","funder_award_id":"2247929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5733264535","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6815844370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88881","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6962569482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"175956","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322749","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk0s825"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331129","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160708779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160708779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1623900913","https://openalex.org/W1984080818","https://openalex.org/W1987425720","https://openalex.org/W1994598608","https://openalex.org/W2028870384","https://openalex.org/W2032959067","https://openalex.org/W2043223258","https://openalex.org/W2105070072","https://openalex.org/W2168248828","https://openalex.org/W2402365003","https://openalex.org/W2733078680","https://openalex.org/W2733520819","https://openalex.org/W2755664959","https://openalex.org/W2794373096","https://openalex.org/W2794607770","https://openalex.org/W2886486953","https://openalex.org/W2944341834","https://openalex.org/W2946357416","https://openalex.org/W2951710749","https://openalex.org/W2963199188","https://openalex.org/W2973125940","https://openalex.org/W3011570378","https://openalex.org/W3014437350","https://openalex.org/W3034238904","https://openalex.org/W3096150021","https://openalex.org/W3105455679","https://openalex.org/W3209840080","https://openalex.org/W3211207358","https://openalex.org/W4205184193","https://openalex.org/W4225632195","https://openalex.org/W4226084704","https://openalex.org/W4239439500","https://openalex.org/W4256441345","https://openalex.org/W4286567510","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4388483365","https://openalex.org/W4390638022","https://openalex.org/W4394769285","https://openalex.org/W4399667783","https://openalex.org/W4401357421","https://openalex.org/W4402759247","https://openalex.org/W4404515031","https://openalex.org/W4404783401","https://openalex.org/W4411962915","https://openalex.org/W4414985249","https://openalex.org/W4415108361","https://openalex.org/W4415125308","https://openalex.org/W7131843000"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Social":[1],"coding":[2],"platforms":[3],"like":[4],"GitHub":[5],"facilitate":[6],"collaborative":[7],"software":[8],"development":[9,35],"through":[10],"pull":[11],"requests":[12],"(PRs),":[13],"which":[14,84,160],"generate":[15],"discussions":[16,75],"that":[17,48,108,191,256],"significantly":[18],"impact":[19],"code":[20,53],"quality,":[21],"requirements,":[22],"and":[23,37,41,55,82,133,145,156,172,208,250],"design.":[24],"Such":[25],"conversations":[26],"become":[27],"a":[28,152,233],"rich":[29],"source":[30],"of":[31,62,88,99,119,236],"insights":[32],"for":[33,125],"improving":[34],"practices":[36],"predicting":[38],"project":[39],"outcomes":[40],"are":[42,76],"subject":[43],"to":[44,52,66,68,96,135,243,269],"several":[45],"human":[46,71],"aspects":[47,83],"have":[49,105],"been":[50],"linked":[51],"quality":[54],"PR":[56,74,163],"acceptance.":[57],"Sentiment":[58],"analysis":[59,91,235],"is":[60],"one":[61],"the":[63,86,97,117,157,194,199,220,227,270],"many":[64],"ways":[65],"try":[67],"understand":[69],"these":[70],"aspects.":[72],"However,":[73],"multifaceted,":[77],"often":[78],"involving":[79],"technical":[80,137,244],"jargon":[81],"limits":[85],"utility":[87],"general-purpose":[89],"sentiment":[90],"tools.":[92],"This":[93],"has":[94],"led":[95],"creation":[98],"SE-specific":[100],"tools,":[101],"but":[102,223],"recent":[103],"studies":[104],"also":[106],"observed":[107],"they":[109],"demonstrate":[110],"limited":[111],"effectiveness.":[112],"Thus,":[113],"this":[114,126],"study":[115],"explores":[116],"potential":[118],"using":[120,148],"large":[121],"language":[122],"models":[123,166,215],"(LLMs)":[124],"purpose,":[127],"given":[128],"their":[129],"enhanced":[130],"contextual":[131,251],"understanding":[132],"ability":[134],"process":[136],"language.":[138],"We":[139],"evaluated":[140],"ten":[141],"LLMs":[142],"across":[143,198],"proprietary":[144],"open-source":[146],"categories,":[147],"two":[149],"complementary":[150],"datasets:":[151],"curated":[153],"Gold":[154,221],"dataset":[155,222],"PRemo":[158,228],"dataset,":[159],"captures":[161],"real-world":[162],"discussions.":[164],"The":[165],"were":[167],"assessed":[168],"under":[169],"zero-shot,":[170],"few-shot":[171],"chain-of-thought":[173],"prompting":[174],"techniques":[175],"on":[176,219,226],"8,913":[177],"messages.":[178],"In":[179],"addition,":[180],"we":[181,231],"establish":[182],"baselines":[183],"by":[184],"evaluating":[185],"fine-tuned":[186],"transformer-based":[187],"models.":[188,273],"Results":[189],"show":[190],"GPT-4o":[192],"achieved":[193,216],"highest":[195],"overall":[196],"performance":[197,218,261],"LLMs,":[200],"though":[201],"smaller":[202],"models,":[203],"such":[204],"as":[205],"Mistral":[206],"Small":[207],"Deepseek-R1":[209],"32B":[210],"delivered":[211],"competitive":[212],"results.":[213],"Transformer-based":[214],"excellent":[217],"exhibited":[224],"degradation":[225],"dataset.":[229],"Finally,":[230],"conducted":[232],"qualitative":[234],"misclassified":[237],"instances,":[238],"revealing":[239],"recurring":[240],"challenges":[241],"related":[242],"terminology,":[245],"sentiment-charged":[246],"keywords,":[247],"message":[248],"length,":[249],"ambiguity.":[252],"These":[253],"findings":[254],"suggest":[255],"model":[257],"selection":[258],"should":[259],"balance":[260],"requirements":[262],"against":[263],"practical":[264],"constraints,":[265],"rather":[266],"than":[267],"defaulting":[268],"largest":[271],"available":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T20:08:15.867695","created_date":"2026-05-10T00:00:00"}