{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417424818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6","title":"Learning to represent code changes","display_name":"Learning to represent code changes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417424818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052969638","display_name":"Xunzhu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6377-0884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunzhu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101397373","display_name":"Haoye Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8049-3997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoye Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011256066","display_name":"Weiguo Pian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-7415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Pian","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009803558","display_name":"Saad Ezzini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-4738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Ezzini","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050968170","display_name":"Abdoul Kader Kabor\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3151-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdoul Kader Kabor\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025656553","display_name":"Andrew Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5857-1864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074029092","display_name":"Kisub Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4462-6916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kisub Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040326968","display_name":"Jacques Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-475X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082835974","display_name":"Tegawend\u00e9 F. Bissyand\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-9869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tegawend\u00e9 F. Bissyand\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074029092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5228027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.3650999963283539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8115000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150292731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342704","display_name":"Code review","level":5,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114408938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333373","display_name":"Abstract syntax","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778583558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771245","display_name":"Code reuse","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202105479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265013","display_name":"Software evolution","level":5,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-025-10763-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6944830412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"949014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1910918478","https://openalex.org/W2019246026","https://openalex.org/W2025791343","https://openalex.org/W2057049321","https://openalex.org/W2065489029","https://openalex.org/W2075382909","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2153881107","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2276400542","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2594833348","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2790911601","https://openalex.org/W2888312537","https://openalex.org/W2898811429","https://openalex.org/W2950368691","https://openalex.org/W2953356739","https://openalex.org/W2955426500","https://openalex.org/W2955654168","https://openalex.org/W2955991060","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2964150020","https://openalex.org/W2964322208","https://openalex.org/W2964772344","https://openalex.org/W2985331920","https://openalex.org/W3011013751","https://openalex.org/W3040739508","https://openalex.org/W3085192122","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3098913142","https://openalex.org/W3109966548","https://openalex.org/W3110845443","https://openalex.org/W3121707215","https://openalex.org/W3122473522","https://openalex.org/W3129269689","https://openalex.org/W3134686229","https://openalex.org/W3138597995","https://openalex.org/W3158500091","https://openalex.org/W3161120529","https://openalex.org/W3161463965","https://openalex.org/W3162936248","https://openalex.org/W3176179930","https://openalex.org/W3176740355","https://openalex.org/W3176859472","https://openalex.org/W3185176031","https://openalex.org/W3191226037","https://openalex.org/W3196992070","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4221164274","https://openalex.org/W4224244735","https://openalex.org/W4226017582","https://openalex.org/W4232691406","https://openalex.org/W4233322385","https://openalex.org/W4251101010","https://openalex.org/W4284666365","https://openalex.org/W4284708426","https://openalex.org/W4285490426","https://openalex.org/W4294508838","https://openalex.org/W4376606857","https://openalex.org/W4382239685","https://openalex.org/W4384302759","https://openalex.org/W4385080397","https://openalex.org/W4389162095","https://openalex.org/W4389544203","https://openalex.org/W4409071108"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}
