{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399871949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","title":"Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction","display_name":"Systematic Evaluation of Deep Learning Models for Log-based Failure Prediction","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399871949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002262234","display_name":"Fatemeh Hadadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8755-3323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Hadadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8755-3323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053943404","display_name":"Joshua H. Dawes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua H. Dawes","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019085537","display_name":"Donghwan Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB","LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghwan Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Part of this work was done while the author was with the University of Luxembourg), Sheffield, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (Part of this work was done while the author was with the University of Luxembourg), Sheffield, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577","https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038017715","display_name":"Domenico Bianculli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-685X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Bianculli","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT Centre, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT Centre, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533117","display_name":"Lionel Briand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130076","display_name":"Lero","ror":"https://ror.org/038dhnb42","country_code":"IE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130076"]}],"countries":["CA","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Briand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lero SFI Centre for Software Research, Limerick, Ireland","University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero SFI Centre for Software Research, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130076","https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002262234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":3.9056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94052136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7214228510856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6311030983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6288480162620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6024549603462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5572202205657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5490480065345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5489873290061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5241051912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.4274140000343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40371012687683105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7214228510856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6311030983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6288480162620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6024549603462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5572202205657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5490480065345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5489873290061951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5241051912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.4274140000343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40371012687683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:214282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/214282/1/s10664-024-10501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/57615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/57615","pdf_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/57615/1/EMSE2024-108.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering, 29, 105:1-105:53 (2024-06-20)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-024-10501-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1482659561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2496007020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"957254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2776141508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 957254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4863802590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"957254","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7736775806","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310700","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399871949.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146900863","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1736726159","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1863028222","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1963574127","https://openalex.org/W1965626898","https://openalex.org/W2053691501","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2090995843","https://openalex.org/W2095595785","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2164463086","https://openalex.org/W2483144311","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2767094836","https://openalex.org/W2808242862","https://openalex.org/W2884697754","https://openalex.org/W2911666282","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2947815220","https://openalex.org/W2962622685","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2965838158","https://openalex.org/W2972137370","https://openalex.org/W2980708516","https://openalex.org/W3039218154","https://openalex.org/W3043599974","https://openalex.org/W3047558594","https://openalex.org/W3086485726","https://openalex.org/W3090066802","https://openalex.org/W3092463013","https://openalex.org/W3095840026","https://openalex.org/W3099780882","https://openalex.org/W3101654741","https://openalex.org/W3127712067","https://openalex.org/W3168361240","https://openalex.org/W3174726724","https://openalex.org/W3180050267","https://openalex.org/W3183619936","https://openalex.org/W3199174176","https://openalex.org/W3211924914","https://openalex.org/W3217360625","https://openalex.org/W4205965165","https://openalex.org/W4226128225","https://openalex.org/W4226374926","https://openalex.org/W4234669218","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4245040028","https://openalex.org/W4254751698","https://openalex.org/W4255845613","https://openalex.org/W4293649366","https://openalex.org/W4328028653","https://openalex.org/W4387435361","https://openalex.org/W6601211009","https://openalex.org/W6606697098","https://openalex.org/W6702248584","https://openalex.org/W6958325309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"the":[2,98,167,175],"increasing":[3],"complexity":[4],"and":[5,41,73,105,126,139,162],"scope":[6],"of":[7,16,60,83,100,123],"software":[8],"systems,":[9],"their":[10],"dependability":[11],"is":[12,180],"crucial.":[13],"The":[14],"analysis":[15],"log":[17,101],"data":[18,102],"recorded":[19],"during":[20],"system":[21,155],"execution":[22],"can":[23],"enable":[24],"engineers":[25],"to":[26,48,91,119],"automatically":[27],"predict":[28],"failures":[29],"at":[30],"run":[31],"time.":[32],"Several":[33],"Machine":[34],"Learning":[35,43],"(ML)":[36],"techniques,":[37],"including":[38],"traditional":[39],"ML":[40],"Deep":[42],"(DL),":[44],"have":[45],"been":[46],"proposed":[47],"automate":[49],"such":[50,135],"tasks.":[51],"However,":[52],"current":[53],"empirical":[54],"studies":[55],"are":[56],"limited":[57],"in":[58],"terms":[59],"covering":[61],"all":[62],"main":[63],"DL":[64,106],"types\u2014Recurrent":[65],"Neural":[66,70],"Network":[67,71],"(RNN),":[68],"Convolutional":[69],"(CNN),":[72],"transformer\u2014as":[74],"well":[75],"as":[76,136],"examining":[77],"them":[78],"on":[79,159],"a":[80,116,160,181,193,205],"wide":[81],"range":[82],"diverse":[84],"datasets.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87,220],"paper,":[88],"we":[89,114,145,187],"aim":[90],"address":[92],"these":[93],"issues":[94],"by":[95],"systematically":[96],"investigating":[97],"combination":[99],"embedding":[103,124],"strategies":[104,125],"types":[107],"for":[108,152,225],"failure":[109,140,206,226],"prediction.":[110,227],"To":[111,129],"that":[112,174],"end,":[113],"propose":[115],"modular":[117],"architecture":[118],"accommodate":[120],"various":[121],"configurations":[122],"DL-based":[127],"encoders.":[128],"further":[130],"investigate":[131],"how":[132],"dataset":[133,137,190,194],"characteristics":[134],"size":[138,195],"percentage":[141,207],"affect":[142],"model":[143],"accuracy,":[144],"synthesised":[146],"360":[147],"datasets,":[148],"with":[149,184],"varying":[150],"characteristics,":[151],"three":[153],"distinct":[154],"behavioural":[156],"models,":[157],"based":[158],"systematic":[161],"automated":[163],"generation":[164],"approach.":[165],"Using":[166],"F1":[168],"score":[169],"metric,":[170],"our":[171],"results":[172],"show":[173],"best":[176],"overall":[177],"performing":[178],"configuration":[179,221],"CNN-based":[182],"encoder":[183],"Logkey2vec.":[185],"Additionally,":[186],"provide":[188],"specific":[189],"conditions,":[191],"namely":[192],"$$&gt;350$$":[196],"<mml:math":[197,209],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">":[198,210],"<mml:mrow>":[199,211],"<mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo>":[200,212],"<mml:mn>350</mml:mn>":[201],"</mml:mrow>":[202,215],"</mml:math>":[203,216],"or":[204],"$$&gt;7.5\\%$$":[208],"<mml:mn>7.5</mml:mn>":[213],"<mml:mo>%</mml:mo>":[214],",":[217],"under":[218],"which":[219],"demonstrates":[222],"high":[223],"accuracy":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
