{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387004106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","title":"Do RESTful API design rules have an impact on the understandability of Web APIs?","display_name":"Do RESTful API design rules have an impact on the understandability of Web APIs?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387004106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031646940","display_name":"Justus Bogner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-0991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justus Bogner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5788-0991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051696533","display_name":"Sebastian Kotstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-4450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Kotstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reutlingen University, Herman Hollerith Zentrum, Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reutlingen University, Herman Hollerith Zentrum, Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109700235","display_name":"Timo Pfaff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Pfaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent researcher, Germany; research conducted while at University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","Independent researcher, Germany","research conducted while at University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher, Germany; research conducted while at University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent researcher, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"research conducted while at University of Stuttgart, Institute of Software Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031646940"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.0256,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9644477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6718878149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.6517671346664429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6205852031707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5057327747344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4915984570980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.44622886180877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-design","display_name":"Web design","score":0.4385945200920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.28359246253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27469876408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07985332608222961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6718878149986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.6517671346664429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6205852031707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5057327747344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4915984570980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.44622886180877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521306242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190637","display_name":"Web design","level":3,"score":0.4385945200920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.28359246253967285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27469876408576965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07985332608222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.reutlingen-university.de:4596","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:rt2-opus4-45963","pdf_url":"https://publikationen.reutlingen-university.de/files/4596/4596.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400499","display_name":"Reutlingen University Academic Bibliography (Reutlingen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","host_organization_name":"Reutlingen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10367-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322138","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325850","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387004106.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38513179","https://openalex.org/W1035198403","https://openalex.org/W1512206724","https://openalex.org/W1556779599","https://openalex.org/W1746353556","https://openalex.org/W1914600254","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W2001291669","https://openalex.org/W2119896671","https://openalex.org/W2135445066","https://openalex.org/W2295373235","https://openalex.org/W2301701198","https://openalex.org/W2522956255","https://openalex.org/W2614313580","https://openalex.org/W2616386438","https://openalex.org/W2756544166","https://openalex.org/W2915605461","https://openalex.org/W2946720642","https://openalex.org/W3006568433","https://openalex.org/W3201959603","https://openalex.org/W4211168816","https://openalex.org/W4229977739","https://openalex.org/W4243706662","https://openalex.org/W4280489157","https://openalex.org/W4283382363","https://openalex.org/W4292971950","https://openalex.org/W4299627282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2616627668","https://openalex.org/W2088836968","https://openalex.org/W3137121595","https://openalex.org/W2369480852","https://openalex.org/W2360473631","https://openalex.org/W2897855253","https://openalex.org/W2378387552","https://openalex.org/W2365600428","https://openalex.org/W2389257519","https://openalex.org/W2374219405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Context":[1],"Web":[2,230],"APIs":[3],"are":[4,65],"one":[5,130,137],"of":[6,40,54,105,142,157,184,221,229],"the":[7,16,26,38,52,151,158,171,175,185,205,219,227],"most":[8,41,190],"used":[9],"ways":[10],"to":[11,49,71,133,198,225],"expose":[12],"application":[13],"functionality":[14],"on":[15,59,84,108],"Web,":[17],"and":[18,73,99,101,114,136,149,238],"their":[19],"understandability":[20,228],"is":[21,43,233],"important":[22,234],"for":[23,37,170,182,208,218,235],"efficiently":[24],"using":[25,123],"provided":[27],"resources.":[28],"While":[29],"many":[30],"API":[31,56,124],"design":[32,57,121,223],"rules":[33,42,58,122,224],"exist,":[34],"empirical":[35,216],"evidence":[36,217],"effectiveness":[39],"lacking.":[44],"Objective":[45],"We":[46,87],"therefore":[47],"wanted":[48],"study":[50],"1)":[51],"impact":[53],"RESTful":[55],"understandability,":[60],"2)":[61],"if":[62,75],"rule":[63,135,169],"violations":[64,191],"also":[66],"perceived":[67,152],"as":[68,195],"more":[69,196],"difficult":[70,197],"understand,":[72],"3)":[74],"demographic":[76],"attributes":[77],"like":[78],"REST-related":[79],"experience":[80],"have":[81],"an":[82],"influence":[83],"this.":[85],"Method":[86],"conducted":[88],"a":[89,109,112,115,134,140],"controlled":[90],"Web-based":[91],"experiment":[92],"with":[93,102],"105":[94],"participants,":[95],"from":[96],"both":[97],"industry":[98],"academia":[100],"different":[103],"levels":[104],"experience.":[106],"Based":[107],"hybrid":[110],"between":[111],"crossover":[113],"between-subjects":[116],"design,":[117],"we":[118,161,178],"studied":[119],"12":[120,159,186],"snippets":[125],"in":[126,204],"two":[127],"complementary":[128],"versions:":[129],"that":[131,138,163,189],"adhered":[132],"was":[139],"violation":[141,164,209],"this":[143],"rule.":[144],"Participants":[145],"answered":[146],"comprehension":[147,172,206],"questions":[148],"rated":[150,194],"difficulty.":[153],"Results":[154],"For":[155],"11":[156],"rules,":[160,187],"found":[162,179],"performed":[165],"significantly":[166],"worse":[167],"than":[168],"tasks.":[173],"Regarding":[174],"subjective":[176],"ratings,":[177],"significant":[180],"differences":[181],"9":[183],"meaning":[188],"were":[192],"subjectively":[193],"understand.":[199],"Demographics":[200],"played":[201],"no":[202],"role":[203],"performance":[207],".":[210],"Conclusions":[211],"Our":[212],"results":[213],"provide":[214],"first":[215],"importance":[220],"following":[222],"improve":[226],"APIs,":[231],"which":[232],"researchers,":[236],"practitioners,":[237],"educators.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2023-09-26T00:00:00"}