{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387696349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z","title":"What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?","display_name":"What kinds of contracts do ML APIs need?","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387696349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036590636","display_name":"Samantha Syeda Khairunnesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3733-2101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24648388","display_name":"Bradley University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kmeaw70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24648388"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samantha Syeda Khairunnesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24648388"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103184443","display_name":"Shibbir Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-883X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibbir Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059057746","display_name":"Sayem Mohammad Imtiaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-0098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayem Mohammad Imtiaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059626072","display_name":"Hridesh Rajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9410-9562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hridesh Rajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014066009","display_name":"Gary T. Leavens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-3921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary T. Leavens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036590636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24648388"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80840206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7385007739067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6597738862037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-programming-interface","display_name":"Application programming interface","score":0.6110515594482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-by-contract","display_name":"Design by contract","score":0.5599180459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5082261562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.49867987632751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4809531271457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47158610820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.330113023519516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.28897905349731445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7385007739067078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6597738862037659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99613125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165194","display_name":"Application programming interface","level":2,"score":0.6110515594482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80291951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200691","display_name":"Design by contract","level":5,"score":0.5599180459976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5082261562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49867987632751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4809531271457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47158610820770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.330113023519516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.28897905349731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10320-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146475325","https://openalex.org/W221670187","https://openalex.org/W1506588809","https://openalex.org/W1986544324","https://openalex.org/W1987615754","https://openalex.org/W2014890943","https://openalex.org/W2025677988","https://openalex.org/W2047694629","https://openalex.org/W2051204868","https://openalex.org/W2052363833","https://openalex.org/W2056894403","https://openalex.org/W2059215200","https://openalex.org/W2060333670","https://openalex.org/W2087419855","https://openalex.org/W2093400716","https://openalex.org/W2094160561","https://openalex.org/W2110972493","https://openalex.org/W2117899164","https://openalex.org/W2132481658","https://openalex.org/W2136646111","https://openalex.org/W2145373440","https://openalex.org/W2148702066","https://openalex.org/W2149229518","https://openalex.org/W2170021941","https://openalex.org/W2242407529","https://openalex.org/W2366532918","https://openalex.org/W2373227884","https://openalex.org/W2514538448","https://openalex.org/W2733939659","https://openalex.org/W2740330300","https://openalex.org/W2741805982","https://openalex.org/W2761343098","https://openalex.org/W2789444109","https://openalex.org/W2794992746","https://openalex.org/W2850992922","https://openalex.org/W2866060364","https://openalex.org/W2893132739","https://openalex.org/W2906151105","https://openalex.org/W2945339512","https://openalex.org/W2955439455","https://openalex.org/W2967262604","https://openalex.org/W2968594320","https://openalex.org/W2982364419","https://openalex.org/W2987907651","https://openalex.org/W3005940936","https://openalex.org/W3088735455","https://openalex.org/W3089621332","https://openalex.org/W3090397968","https://openalex.org/W3090643686","https://openalex.org/W3091048166","https://openalex.org/W3091633490","https://openalex.org/W3149821397","https://openalex.org/W4237865316","https://openalex.org/W4251915282","https://openalex.org/W4285490440"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006365753","https://openalex.org/W1568266756","https://openalex.org/W3158548065","https://openalex.org/W4236461108","https://openalex.org/W1583826417","https://openalex.org/W1998490923","https://openalex.org/W3198532889","https://openalex.org/W2152459509","https://openalex.org/W207164054","https://openalex.org/W2905272623"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-06T02:01:19.302388","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}