{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365813074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","title":"Automatic identification of self-admitted technical debt from four different sources","display_name":"Automatic identification of self-admitted technical debt from four different sources","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365813074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730906","display_name":"Yikun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-725X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yikun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-725X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020664153","display_name":"Mohamed Soliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6638-3732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Soliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6638-3732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083888080","display_name":"Paris Avgeriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paris Avgeriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-0754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100730906"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":18.7518,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99242217,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.9163720607757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.8381086587905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7401191592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6371544599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.5628040432929993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.537459135055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4924374520778656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.4246233105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3264240622520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2847509980201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2599896192550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.25609952211380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1977778673171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.1770782768726349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.09952422976493835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.9163720607757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.8381086587905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7401191592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6371544599533081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.5628040432929993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.537459135055542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4924374520778656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.4246233105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3264240622520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2847509980201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2599896192550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.25609952211380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1977778673171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.1770782768726349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.09952422976493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/a6666a2a-314f-4c62-a1f0-a5cb3bff7062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/files/744274191/s10664-023-10297-9.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Li, Y, Soliman, M & Avgeriou, P 2023, 'Automatic identification of self-admitted technical debt from four different sources', Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/a6666a2a-314f-4c62-a1f0-a5cb3bff7062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/a6666a2a-314f-4c62-a1f0-a5cb3bff7062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Li, Y, Soliman, M & Avgeriou, P 2023, 'Automatic identification of self-admitted technical debt from four different sources', Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/a6666a2a-314f-4c62-a1f0-a5cb3bff7062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/a6666a2a-314f-4c62-a1f0-a5cb3bff7062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Li, Y, Soliman, M & Avgeriou, P 2023, 'Automatic identification of self-admitted technical debt from four different sources', Empirical Software Engineering, vol. 28, no. 3, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-023-10297-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3277892128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 17038 VISDOM","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325600","funder_display_name":"ITEA3"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6125628179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313144","funder_display_name":"ITEA"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8430475430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325600","funder_display_name":"ITEA3"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313144","display_name":"ITEA","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325600","display_name":"ITEA3","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365813074.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1913969462","https://openalex.org/W1971796909","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2057244851","https://openalex.org/W2074466695","https://openalex.org/W2108564850","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2130602377","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2166183437","https://openalex.org/W2171970463","https://openalex.org/W2295072214","https://openalex.org/W2407564458","https://openalex.org/W2565244242","https://openalex.org/W2579161546","https://openalex.org/W2612649659","https://openalex.org/W2612705982","https://openalex.org/W2805357019","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2919248872","https://openalex.org/W2966158888","https://openalex.org/W2993568083","https://openalex.org/W3089767927","https://openalex.org/W3093959562","https://openalex.org/W3121495845","https://openalex.org/W3154763565","https://openalex.org/W3185244049","https://openalex.org/W3185691166","https://openalex.org/W4226203778","https://openalex.org/W4233152543","https://openalex.org/W4251241535","https://openalex.org/W4312858114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4367365664","https://openalex.org/W4385326140","https://openalex.org/W4293227618","https://openalex.org/W2136634148","https://openalex.org/W2799896739","https://openalex.org/W2982546111","https://openalex.org/W2974410231","https://openalex.org/W2283404405","https://openalex.org/W4221164028","https://openalex.org/W4387158598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Technical":[1,41],"debt":[2,26],"refers":[3],"to":[4,7,38,165],"taking":[5],"shortcuts":[6],"achieve":[8],"short-term":[9],"goals":[10],"while":[11],"sacrificing":[12],"the":[13,31,144,175,205,211,238],"long-term":[14],"maintainability":[15],"and":[16,57,77,88,107,120,140,160,178,201,221],"evolvability":[17],"of":[18,24,125,131,213,232],"software":[19],"systems.":[20,110],"A":[21],"large":[22],"part":[23],"technical":[25],"is":[27,35,193],"explicitly":[28],"reported":[29],"by":[30,81,218,224],"developers":[32],"themselves;":[33],"this":[34],"commonly":[36],"referred":[37],"as":[39,74],"Self-Admitted":[40],"Debt":[42],"or":[43,80],"SATD":[44,52,69,94,132,167,176,181,192,215,235],".":[45],"Previous":[46],"work":[47],"has":[48],"focused":[49],"on":[50],"identifying":[51,68],"from":[53,70,143],"source":[54,100],"code":[55,101,152,225],"comments":[56],"issue":[58,108,158],"trackers.":[59],"However,":[60],"there":[61,228],"are":[62,204,229],"no":[63],"approaches":[64,119],"available":[65],"for":[66,92],"automatically":[67],"other":[71],"sources":[72,209],"such":[73],"commit":[75,103,155,219],"messages":[76],"pull":[78,105,162,202],"requests,":[79,106],"combining":[82],"multiple":[83],"sources.":[84,147,184,240],"Therefore,":[85],"we":[86,149,173],"propose":[87],"evaluate":[89],"an":[90,122],"approach":[91,116],"automated":[93],"identification":[95],"that":[96,114],"integrates":[97],"four":[98,129,145,230],"sources:":[99],"comments,":[102,153],"messages,":[104,156,220],"tracking":[109],"Our":[111],"findings":[112,186],"show":[113],"our":[115],"outperforms":[117],"baseline":[118],"achieves":[121],"average":[123],"F1-score":[124],"0.611":[126],"when":[127],"detecting":[128],"types":[130],"(i.e.,":[133],"code/design":[134],"debt,":[135,137,139],"requirement":[136],"documentation":[138],"test":[141],"debt)":[142],"aforementioned":[146],"Thereafter,":[148],"analyze":[150],"23.6M":[151],"1.3M":[154],"3.7M":[157],"sections,":[159],"1.7M":[161],"request":[163],"sections":[164],"characterize":[166],"in":[168,182,237],"103":[169],"open-source":[170],"projects.":[171],"Furthermore,":[172],"investigate":[174],"keywords":[177],"relations":[179,233],"between":[180,234],"different":[183,239],"The":[185],"indicate,":[187],"among":[188,196],"others,":[189],"that:":[190],"1)":[191],"evenly":[194],"spread":[195],"all":[197],"sources;":[198],"2)":[199],"issues":[200],"requests":[203],"two":[206],"most":[207],"similar":[208],"regarding":[210],"number":[212],"shared":[214],"keywords,":[216],"followed":[217,223],"then":[222],"comments;":[226],"3)":[227],"kinds":[231],"items":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-03T07:22:36.454288","created_date":"2023-04-16T00:00:00"}
