{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220883108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","title":"Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments","display_name":"Effects of variability in models: a family of experiments","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220883108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025817831","display_name":"Wardah Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-6143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wardah Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-6143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000688587","display_name":"Daniel Str\u00fcber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5969-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Str\u00fcber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013008708","display_name":"Anthony Anjorin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6213-6243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137230718","display_name":"Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4h9q86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Anjorin","raw_affiliation_strings":["IAV Automotive Engineering, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IAV Automotive Engineering, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072456187","display_name":"Thorsten Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-5167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorsten Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025817831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.8077,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9176688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7590122818946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5725864768028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.5373619198799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5148565173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.47850456833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4123006761074066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39043477177619934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3879423439502716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23334327340126038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7590122818946838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5725864768028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.5373619198799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5148565173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.47850456833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4123006761074066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39043477177619934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3879423439502716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23334327340126038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/247664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/247664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:529287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/529287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/247664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/247664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Emperical Software Engineering, 27, 1 - 25","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10112-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5718890780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"257822902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323421","display_name":"G\u00f6teborgs Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220883108.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220883108.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28407686","https://openalex.org/W31573113","https://openalex.org/W35781271","https://openalex.org/W57169743","https://openalex.org/W128940437","https://openalex.org/W968713204","https://openalex.org/W1524161034","https://openalex.org/W1554627212","https://openalex.org/W1598022760","https://openalex.org/W1601041809","https://openalex.org/W1751363156","https://openalex.org/W1811280172","https://openalex.org/W1888386172","https://openalex.org/W1990006787","https://openalex.org/W1995689188","https://openalex.org/W1997513618","https://openalex.org/W2012407935","https://openalex.org/W2021780242","https://openalex.org/W2028920271","https://openalex.org/W2034920586","https://openalex.org/W2039444673","https://openalex.org/W2053327450","https://openalex.org/W2072325005","https://openalex.org/W2078351063","https://openalex.org/W2087369186","https://openalex.org/W2089046029","https://openalex.org/W2092480680","https://openalex.org/W2094810043","https://openalex.org/W2095178855","https://openalex.org/W2102409807","https://openalex.org/W2112000202","https://openalex.org/W2117453879","https://openalex.org/W2123334556","https://openalex.org/W2123759466","https://openalex.org/W2125674137","https://openalex.org/W2128967738","https://openalex.org/W2129718707","https://openalex.org/W2130195901","https://openalex.org/W2138615245","https://openalex.org/W2142874510","https://openalex.org/W2143302488","https://openalex.org/W2146078104","https://openalex.org/W2157911410","https://openalex.org/W2192020386","https://openalex.org/W2249008028","https://openalex.org/W2269974365","https://openalex.org/W2296611691","https://openalex.org/W2347456954","https://openalex.org/W2461072723","https://openalex.org/W2477378326","https://openalex.org/W2482201051","https://openalex.org/W2488540871","https://openalex.org/W2495617574","https://openalex.org/W2500697748","https://openalex.org/W2524949205","https://openalex.org/W2579053981","https://openalex.org/W2604886754","https://openalex.org/W2618731789","https://openalex.org/W2618833761","https://openalex.org/W2751047832","https://openalex.org/W2762739100","https://openalex.org/W2763074240","https://openalex.org/W2767633773","https://openalex.org/W2887719616","https://openalex.org/W2889770362","https://openalex.org/W2892976287","https://openalex.org/W2917162332","https://openalex.org/W2945526390","https://openalex.org/W2967257796","https://openalex.org/W2967762320","https://openalex.org/W2969129166","https://openalex.org/W2972930299","https://openalex.org/W3005072117","https://openalex.org/W3014105160","https://openalex.org/W3016312357","https://openalex.org/W3090762085","https://openalex.org/W3160440590","https://openalex.org/W4220883108","https://openalex.org/W4244598732","https://openalex.org/W4248361652","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4291213652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109940557","https://openalex.org/W2466832359","https://openalex.org/W3172493050","https://openalex.org/W1582019636","https://openalex.org/W1499005795","https://openalex.org/W2593798266","https://openalex.org/W2070126461","https://openalex.org/W4385420271","https://openalex.org/W4312192618","https://openalex.org/W4385414918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"ever-growing":[2],"need":[3,8],"for":[4,41,106,123],"customization":[5],"creates":[6],"a":[7,135],"to":[9,20,37,190,241],"maintain":[10,21],"software":[11],"systems":[12],"in":[13,103,143,145,167,181,217],"many":[14],"different":[15,22,152],"variants.":[16,56],"To":[17],"avoid":[18],"having":[19],"copies":[23],"of":[24,29,68,94,97,117,127,137,151,184,195,226,233],"the":[25,52,61,64,81,95,149,196,208,214,231,238],"same":[26],"model,":[27],"developers":[28],"modeling":[30,168],"languages":[31],"and":[32,73,77,119,131,175,230],"tools":[33],"have":[34,70],"recently":[35],"started":[36],"provide":[38],"implementation":[39],"techniques":[40],"such":[42],"variant-rich":[43],"systems,":[44],"notably":[45],"variability":[46,83,98,121,153],"mechanisms":[47,58,99,122,154],",":[48],"which":[49,69,146],"support":[50,105,225],"implementing":[51],"differences":[53],"between":[54],"model":[55,156,163],"Available":[57],"either":[59],"follow":[60],"annotative":[62,118,187,209],"or":[63],"compositional":[65,120,197,215],"paradigm,":[66],"each":[67],"dedicated":[71],"benefits":[72],"drawbacks.":[74],"Currently,":[75],"language":[76],"tool":[78],"designers":[79],"select":[80],"used":[82],"mechanism":[84,198,210],"often":[85],"solely":[86],"based":[87],"on":[88],"intuition.":[89],"A":[90],"better":[91,191],"empirical":[92,115],"understanding":[93],"comprehension":[96,157],"would":[100],"help":[101],"them":[102],"improving":[104],"effective":[107],"modeling.":[108],"In":[109],"this":[110],"article,":[111],"we":[112,147],"present":[113,221],"an":[114],"assessment":[116],"three":[124,138,162,185,205],"popular":[125],"types":[126,164],"models.":[128,242],"We":[129,159,178,220],"report":[130],"discuss":[132],"findings":[133],"from":[134,237],"family":[136],"experiments":[139],"with":[140,161,200],"164":[141],"participants":[142],"total,":[144],"studied":[148],"impact":[150],"during":[155],"tasks.":[158],"experimented":[160],"commonly":[165],"found":[166],"languages:":[169],"class":[170],"diagrams,":[171,174],"state":[172],"machine":[173],"activity":[176],"diagrams.":[177],"find":[179],"that,":[180],"two":[182],"out":[183],"experiments,":[186],"technique":[188],"lead":[189],"developer":[192],"performance.":[193,202],"Use":[194],"correlated":[199],"impaired":[201],"For":[203],"all":[204,218],"considered":[206],"tasks,":[207],"was":[211],"preferred":[212],"over":[213],"one":[216],"experiments.":[219],"actionable":[222],"recommendations":[223],"concerning":[224],"flexible,":[227],"tasks-specific":[228],"solutions,":[229],"transfer":[232],"established":[234],"best":[235],"practices":[236],"code":[239],"domain":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}