{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198221136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","title":"Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems","display_name":"Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198221136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","mag":"3198221136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087175163","display_name":"Hafizul Asad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-5721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafizul Asad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, England"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-5721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037476990","display_name":"Ilir Gashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ilir Gashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, University of London, London, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, University of London, London, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037476990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.8611,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90437038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7917426228523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.7472652196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6415892839431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.41162121295928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34095650911331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32133209705352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10193967819213867}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7917426228523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.7472652196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6415892839431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.41162121295928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34095650911331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32133209705352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10193967819213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:26703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/i=2Egashi.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pearl.plymouth.ac.uk:10026.1/17941","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/17941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402507","display_name":"PEARL (University of Plymouth)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","host_organization_name":"University of Plymouth","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-10046-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5413299184","display_name":"Diversity and Defence in Depth for Security - A Probabilistic Approach (D3S)","funder_award_id":"EP/M019462/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6928308837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"700692","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G971583128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M019462/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198221136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198221136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486714830","https://openalex.org/W1549725782","https://openalex.org/W1587054347","https://openalex.org/W1714865987","https://openalex.org/W1756225116","https://openalex.org/W1937713330","https://openalex.org/W2001371112","https://openalex.org/W2016675257","https://openalex.org/W2033779093","https://openalex.org/W2045367121","https://openalex.org/W2078910959","https://openalex.org/W2080680379","https://openalex.org/W2099218848","https://openalex.org/W2118619574","https://openalex.org/W2119779442","https://openalex.org/W2139102556","https://openalex.org/W2160841769","https://openalex.org/W2589108464","https://openalex.org/W2762301816","https://openalex.org/W2765181145","https://openalex.org/W2886393674","https://openalex.org/W2951105308","https://openalex.org/W2973862992","https://openalex.org/W2983270658","https://openalex.org/W3000041796","https://openalex.org/W3093410479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2364419519","https://openalex.org/W2017948608","https://openalex.org/W2360767377","https://openalex.org/W2360951146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Diverse":[1],"layers":[2],"of":[3,12,17,30,51,83,100,122,146,166,175,194,204,215,222,251,270],"defence":[4],"play":[5],"an":[6,38],"important":[7,39],"role":[8],"in":[9,24,34,102,119,133,143,228,236,248,289],"the":[10,28,31,42,49,57,111,117,120,125,141,167,195,199,205,212,223,229,234,246,249,267],"design":[11],"defence-in-depth":[13,291],"architectures.":[14],"The":[15,136,160,183,208],"use":[16,132],"Intrusion":[18],"Detection":[19],"Systems":[20],"(IDSs)":[21],"are":[22],"ubiquitous":[23],"this":[25,76,262],"design.":[26],"But":[27],"selection":[29],"\u201cright\u201d":[32],"IDSs":[33,53,131,148,218],"various":[35],"configurations":[36,193],"is":[37],"decision":[40],"that":[41],"security":[43,91,278],"architects":[44,92,279],"need":[45,71],"to":[46,54,56,62,89,180,241,277],"make.":[47],"Additionally,":[48],"ability":[50],"these":[52,68,94,103,130,147,157,216,237,252,271,287],"adapt":[55],"evolving":[58],"threat-landscape":[59],"also":[60],"needs":[61],"be":[63],"investigated.":[64],"To":[65],"help":[66,90],"with":[67],"decisions,":[69],"we":[70,78,115],"rigorous":[72],"quantitative":[73],"analysis.":[74],"In":[75,110],"paper,":[77],"present":[79],"a":[80,173,220,290],"diversity":[81,106,113,118,138,162,210,247],"analysis":[82,139,274],"open-source":[84],"IDSs,":[85],"Snort":[86,196],"and":[87,107,124,155,169,198,260,285],"Suricata,":[88],"tune/deploy":[93],"IDSs.":[95,272],"We":[96],"analyse":[97,151],"two":[98,217],"types":[99],"diversities":[101],"IDSs;":[104],"configurational":[105,112,161],"functional":[108,137,209],"diversity.":[109],"analysis,":[114],"investigate":[116],"sets":[121],"rules":[123,168],"Blacklisted":[126],"IP":[127],"Addresses":[128],"(BIPAs)":[129],"their":[134],"configurations.":[135],"investigates":[140,211],"differences":[142,158,235],"alerting":[144,213,268],"behaviours":[145],"when":[149],"they":[150,282],"real":[152,224],"network":[153,225],"traffic,":[154],"how":[156,256,281],"evolve.":[159],"experiment":[163],"utilises":[164],"snapshots":[165,184],"BIPAs":[170],"collected":[171,187,227],"over":[172],"period":[174],"5":[176],"months,":[177],"from":[178],"May":[179],"October":[181],"2017.":[182],"have":[185],"been":[186],"for":[188,219],"three":[189],"different":[190],"off-the-shelf":[191],"default":[192],"IDS":[197],"Emerging":[200],"Threats":[201],"(ET)":[202],"configuration":[203],"Suricata":[206],"IDS.":[207],"behaviour":[214,250,269],"sample":[221],"traffic":[226],"same":[230],"time":[231],"window.":[232],"Analysing":[233],"systems":[238,253,288],"allows":[239],"us":[240],"get":[242],"insights":[243],"into":[244],"where":[245],"comes":[254],"from,":[255],"does":[257],"it":[258],"evolve":[259],"whether":[261],"has":[263],"any":[264],"effect":[265],"on":[266,280],"This":[273],"gives":[275],"insight":[276],"can":[283],"combine":[284],"layer":[286],"deployment.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}