{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177176579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","title":"To what extent do DNN-based image classification models make unreliable inferences?","display_name":"To what extent do DNN-based image classification models make unreliable inferences?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177176579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","mag":"3177176579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052271946","display_name":"Yongqiang Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-2965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1644-2965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594068","display_name":"Shiqing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-8948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiqing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA","Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003031253","display_name":"Ming Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-9618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-9618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084868951","display_name":"Yepang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8147-8126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yepang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8147-8126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034057959","display_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shing-Chi Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3508-7172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107249133","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9544-2500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003031253","https://openalex.org/A5034057959","https://openalex.org/A5052271946","https://openalex.org/A5084868951","https://openalex.org/A5101594068","https://openalex.org/A5107249133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I219193219","https://openalex.org/I3045169105","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91216082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7187098860740662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7073675990104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6774975657463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5805239081382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5252717733383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5177192091941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.49306222796440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4577975571155548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7187098860740662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7073675990104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6774975657463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5805239081382751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5252717733383179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5177192091941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49306222796440125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4577975571155548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09985-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-111121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000663327900002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-111121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-111121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W317957491","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1574447377","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2041650849","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2053229256","https://openalex.org/W2079150590","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2128076386","https://openalex.org/W2128154306","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2727355181","https://openalex.org/W2782311202","https://openalex.org/W2799640043","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2859484040","https://openalex.org/W2885106262","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2888824816","https://openalex.org/W2895472239","https://openalex.org/W2898868990","https://openalex.org/W2902617128","https://openalex.org/W2917321477","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2952122856","https://openalex.org/W2954903132","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964116855","https://openalex.org/W2964882141","https://openalex.org/W2967682612","https://openalex.org/W2973136764","https://openalex.org/W2995858837","https://openalex.org/W2999072931","https://openalex.org/W3002398329","https://openalex.org/W3003388915","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3008797115","https://openalex.org/W3043547428","https://openalex.org/W3090139955","https://openalex.org/W3090578762","https://openalex.org/W3091388282","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3102183821","https://openalex.org/W3103837775","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3124118940","https://openalex.org/W3164255502","https://openalex.org/W4230965853","https://openalex.org/W4244739894","https://openalex.org/W4248437541","https://openalex.org/W4251827675","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6604344240","https://openalex.org/W6737425980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W4321636575","https://openalex.org/W2357796999","https://openalex.org/W2045526782","https://openalex.org/W2741131631","https://openalex.org/W1986418932","https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W2156919374","https://openalex.org/W35446969","https://openalex.org/W1984019423"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}