{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123086775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","title":"Can Offline Testing of Deep Neural Networks Replace Their Online Testing?","display_name":"Can Offline Testing of Deep Neural Networks Replace Their Online Testing?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123086775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","mag":"3123086775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009828484","display_name":"Fitash Ul Haq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fitash Ul Haq","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg city, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg city, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019085537","display_name":"Donghwan Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donghwan Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg city, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg city, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074393374","display_name":"Shiva Nejati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0281-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["CA","LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiva Nejati","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0281-8231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078533117","display_name":"Lionel Briand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["CA","LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Briand","raw_affiliation_strings":["SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-1010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SnT, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009828484","https://openalex.org/A5019085537","https://openalex.org/A5074393374","https://openalex.org/A5078533117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931","https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.2606,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62464396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7685997486114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-and-offline","display_name":"Online and offline","score":0.5897918343544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-strategy","display_name":"Test strategy","score":0.5801917314529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manual-testing","display_name":"Manual testing","score":0.5185966491699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-array-testing","display_name":"Orthogonal array testing","score":0.4598658084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.4448360800743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.43999478220939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box-testing","display_name":"Black-box testing","score":0.42311301827430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4217416048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-testing","display_name":"Model-based testing","score":0.41269195079803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4022059142589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38573819398880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.21841561794281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13460341095924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08813408017158508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.07785236835479736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7685997486114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.5897918343544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.5801917314529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182122060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6752328","display_name":"Manual testing","level":5,"score":0.5185966491699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158324730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54862604","display_name":"Orthogonal array testing","level":5,"score":0.4598658084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.4448360800743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43999478220939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24169984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879969","display_name":"Black-box testing","level":5,"score":0.42311301827430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4217416048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.41269195079803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4022059142589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38573819398880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.21841561794281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13460341095924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08813408017158508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.07785236835479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:194820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:3123086775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2101.11118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.11118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.11118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-021-09982-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1426764564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BRIDGES2020/IS/14711346/FUNTASY","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","funder_display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G275404224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"694277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3843192786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A6A3A03033444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5636135723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A6A3A03033444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8705474127","display_name":"Testing the Untestable: Model Testing of Complex Software-Intensive Systems","funder_award_id":"694277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321038","display_name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/039z13y21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123086775.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123086775.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1670263352","https://openalex.org/W1996031526","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2113723575","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2167224731","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2624823380","https://openalex.org/W2744941094","https://openalex.org/W2804337238","https://openalex.org/W2888307014","https://openalex.org/W2890235476","https://openalex.org/W2906946247","https://openalex.org/W2913362569","https://openalex.org/W2917321477","https://openalex.org/W2954629067","https://openalex.org/W2957066083","https://openalex.org/W2962702177","https://openalex.org/W2963208512","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2991005916","https://openalex.org/W3007157104","https://openalex.org/W3047745496","https://openalex.org/W3099444373","https://openalex.org/W3117590843","https://openalex.org/W6600005384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138667196","https://openalex.org/W2170342834","https://openalex.org/W2967834992","https://openalex.org/W3163879210","https://openalex.org/W2907086843","https://openalex.org/W2138682216","https://openalex.org/W2506244105","https://openalex.org/W2296296438","https://openalex.org/W3107802583","https://openalex.org/W632606703","https://openalex.org/W3173411326","https://openalex.org/W2972204217","https://openalex.org/W1991292921","https://openalex.org/W2790376143","https://openalex.org/W2753567862","https://openalex.org/W2621270396","https://openalex.org/W3165739133","https://openalex.org/W3021457304","https://openalex.org/W2805097135","https://openalex.org/W2042219500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"distinguish":[2],"two":[3],"general":[4],"modes":[5],"of":[6,64,139,158,172,175,234],"testing":[7,14,35,65,73,82,86,117,120,129,183,189,197,212,228,236,250,257],"for":[8],"Deep":[9],"Neural":[10],"Networks":[11],"(DNNs):":[12],"Offline":[13],"where":[15,36,71,248],"DNNs":[16,30,37,58,168],"are":[17,38,59,145,241],"tested":[18,46],"as":[19,163,190,253,255],"individual":[20],"units":[21],"based":[22],"on":[23],"test":[24],"datasets":[25],"obtained":[26],"without":[27],"involving":[28],"the":[29,54,103,137,156,232],"under":[31],"test,":[32],"and":[33,45,80,87,107,118,126],"online":[34,81,108,119,140,188,196,221,235,256],"embedded":[39],"into":[40],"a":[41,48,89,94],"specific":[42,95,246],"application":[43,55,96],"environment":[44],"in":[47,51,155,237,258],"closed-loop":[49],"mode":[50],"interaction":[52],"with":[53],"environment.":[56,97],"Typically,":[57],"subjected":[60],"to":[61,113,134,148,215,230,244],"both":[62],"types":[63],"during":[66],"their":[67],"development":[68],"life":[69],"cycle":[70],"offline":[72,85,106,116,128,182,203,211,227,249],"is":[74,91,112,184],"applied":[75],"immediately":[76],"after":[77,84],"DNN":[78,90],"training":[79],"follows":[83],"once":[88],"deployed":[92],"within":[93],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101,152,166,224,240],"study":[102,153,164],"relationship":[104],"between":[105],"testing.":[109,222],"Our":[110,178],"goal":[111],"determine":[114],"how":[115],"differ":[121],"or":[122],"complement":[123],"one":[124],"another":[125],"if":[127],"results":[130,179,229],"can":[131],"be":[132,200,252],"used":[133],"help":[135],"reduce":[136,231],"cost":[138,233],"testing?":[141],"Though":[142],"these":[143],"questions":[144],"generally":[146],"relevant":[147],"all":[149],"autonomous":[150],"systems,":[151],"them":[154],"context":[157],"automated":[159],"driving":[160],"systems":[161],"where,":[162],"subjects,":[165],"use":[167],"automating":[169],"end-to-end":[170],"controls":[171],"steering":[173],"functions":[174],"self-driving":[176],"vehicles.":[177],"show":[180],"that":[181],"less":[185],"effective":[186],"than":[187],"many":[191],"safety":[192,217,260],"violations":[193,218],"identified":[194,201],"by":[195,202,210,220],"could":[198,251],"not":[199,242],"testing,":[204],"while":[205],"large":[206],"prediction":[207],"errors":[208],"generated":[209],"always":[213],"led":[214],"severe":[216],"detectable":[219],"Further,":[223],"cannot":[225],"exploit":[226],"practice":[238],"since":[239],"able":[243],"identify":[245],"situations":[247],"accurate":[254],"identifying":[259],"requirement":[261],"violations.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
