{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787261428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","title":"Usage and attribution of Stack Overflow code snippets in GitHub projects","display_name":"Usage and attribution of Stack Overflow code snippets in GitHub projects","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787261428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","mag":"2787261428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033132966","display_name":"Sebastian Baltes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89864525","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Trier","ror":"https://ror.org/02778hg05","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Baltes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trier, Trier, Germany","University of Trier, Trier, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trier, Trier, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trier, Trier, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008702561","display_name":"Stephan Diehl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-7447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89864525","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Trier","ror":"https://ror.org/02778hg05","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Diehl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trier, Trier, Germany","University of Trier, Trier, Germany#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trier, Trier, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trier, Trier, Germany#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033132966"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89864525"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":2.4645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91423575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"1259","last_page":"1295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.801874041557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.789755642414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"Attribution","score":0.6636559367179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6457059383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.6095702052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5376464128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copying","display_name":"Copying","score":0.5263696312904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.493873655796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.43581780791282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.33173954486846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1996038854122162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.15153643488883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08432638645172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.0724865198135376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.801874041557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.789755642414093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.6636559367179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6457059383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.6095702052116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5376464128494263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779151265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156791","display_name":"Copying","level":2,"score":0.5263696312904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.493873655796051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43581780791282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.33173954486846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1996038854122162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.15153643488883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08432638645172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0724865198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.02938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02938","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02938","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2787261428","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.02938","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.02938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9650-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493790738","https://openalex.org/W1965232248","https://openalex.org/W1972386298","https://openalex.org/W1976731857","https://openalex.org/W1981795678","https://openalex.org/W2010959782","https://openalex.org/W2022090474","https://openalex.org/W2026620262","https://openalex.org/W2031906567","https://openalex.org/W2043696632","https://openalex.org/W2046622454","https://openalex.org/W2051204868","https://openalex.org/W2085983840","https://openalex.org/W2087093271","https://openalex.org/W2098230348","https://openalex.org/W2101832700","https://openalex.org/W2123246351","https://openalex.org/W2139374478","https://openalex.org/W2140952846","https://openalex.org/W2163005242","https://openalex.org/W2168970028","https://openalex.org/W2366532918","https://openalex.org/W2400323868","https://openalex.org/W2511044583","https://openalex.org/W2545778708","https://openalex.org/W2559885217","https://openalex.org/W2573706800","https://openalex.org/W2598817001","https://openalex.org/W2604794021","https://openalex.org/W2606396711","https://openalex.org/W2610548325","https://openalex.org/W2728599219","https://openalex.org/W2749460454","https://openalex.org/W2762844179","https://openalex.org/W2767380523","https://openalex.org/W2789661710","https://openalex.org/W2884004405","https://openalex.org/W2964144088","https://openalex.org/W4230998791","https://openalex.org/W4236036072","https://openalex.org/W4243840747","https://openalex.org/W4245980799","https://openalex.org/W4249021123","https://openalex.org/W4289255588","https://openalex.org/W4292003697","https://openalex.org/W4301168982","https://openalex.org/W4393513697","https://openalex.org/W4394034355","https://openalex.org/W6911202276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963541700","https://openalex.org/W3098403328","https://openalex.org/W2962875024","https://openalex.org/W3133304533","https://openalex.org/W2486981188","https://openalex.org/W2952962030","https://openalex.org/W2954568552","https://openalex.org/W2809426407","https://openalex.org/W3197515998","https://openalex.org/W2886628397","https://openalex.org/W2954553057","https://openalex.org/W3154861410","https://openalex.org/W2952347445","https://openalex.org/W3044457346","https://openalex.org/W3121414853","https://openalex.org/W2999648948","https://openalex.org/W2547932336","https://openalex.org/W2950694606","https://openalex.org/W2405581117","https://openalex.org/W2088367430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stack":[0],"Overflow":[1],"(SO)":[2],"is":[3,53,69],"the":[4,37,65,72,93,120,138,146,177,196,207,228],"most":[5,166,192],"popular":[6],"question-and-answer":[7],"website":[8],"for":[9,61,119],"software":[10,131],"developers,":[11,209],"providing":[12],"a":[13,48,54,88,153,180,193],"large":[14],"amount":[15],"of":[16,87,97,122,141,148,168,195,227,230],"copyable":[17],"code":[18,62,100,173,178,198,215,232],"snippets.":[19],"Using":[20],"those":[21],"snippets":[22,63,76,101,199,233],"raises":[23],"maintenance":[24],"and":[25,42,64,95,125,160,220,234],"legal":[26],"issues.":[27],"SO\u2019s":[28,58],"license":[29,59,229],"(CC":[30],"BY-SA":[31,185],"3.0)":[32],"requires":[33,43],"attribution,":[34,67],"i.e.,":[35],"referencing":[36],"original":[38],"question":[39],"or":[40],"answer,":[41],"derived":[44],"work":[45],"to":[46,74,115,133,155],"adopt":[47],"compatible":[49,182],"license.":[50],"While":[51],"there":[52],"heated":[55],"debate":[56],"on":[57],"model":[60],"required":[66],"little":[68],"known":[70],"about":[71,221],"extent":[73],"which":[75],"are":[77,202],"copied":[78,197],"from":[79,102,174,200,216],"SO":[80,103,156,175,201,217,231],"without":[81,218],"proper":[82],"attribution.":[83],"We":[84,110,162],"present":[85],"results":[86],"large-scale":[89],"empirical":[90],"study":[91],"analyzing":[92],"usage":[94],"attribution":[96,219],"non-trivial":[98],"Java":[99],"answers":[104],"in":[105,179],"public":[106],"GitHub":[107],"(GH)":[108],"projects.":[109],"followed":[111],"three":[112],"different":[113,139],"approaches":[114],"triangulate":[116],"an":[117],"estimate":[118,189],"ratio":[121,147],"unattributed":[123],"usages":[124],"conducted":[126],"two":[127,222],"online":[128],"surveys":[129],"with":[130,152,183],"developers":[132],"complement":[134],"our":[135],"results.":[136],"For":[137],"sets":[140],"projects":[142,149],"that":[143,164,190],"we":[144,188],"analyzed,":[145],"containing":[150,172],"files":[151],"reference":[154],"varied":[157],"between":[158],"3.3%":[159],"11.9%.":[161],"found":[163],"at":[165,191],"1.8%":[167],"all":[169],"analyzed":[170],"repositories":[171],"used":[176],"way":[181],"CC":[184],"3.0.":[186],"Moreover,":[187],"quarter":[194],"attributed":[203],"as":[204],"required.":[205],"Of":[206],"surveyed":[208],"almost":[210],"one":[211],"half":[212],"admitted":[213],"copying":[214],"thirds":[223],"were":[224],"not":[225],"aware":[226],"its":[235],"implications.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
