{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792451387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","title":"On the correctness of electronic documents: studying, finding, and localizing inconsistency bugs in PDF readers and files","display_name":"On the correctness of electronic documents: studying, finding, and localizing inconsistency bugs in PDF readers and files","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792451387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","mag":"2792451387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10664-018-9600-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10664-018-9600-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083683403","display_name":"Tomasz Kuchta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Kuchta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063985157","display_name":"Thibaud Lutellier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1823-0061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thibaud Lutellier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111946963","display_name":"Edmund Wong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115883174","display_name":"Lin Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6690-8332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053355200","display_name":"Cristian Cadar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-7264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Cadar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083683403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.6593,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84663578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"3187","last_page":"3220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.8597686290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839728057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.6636171936988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.43459299206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2048080861568451}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.8597686290740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839728057384491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.6636171936988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.43459299206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2048080861568451}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10664-018-9600-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/56577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/56577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"3220","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-018-9600-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10664-018-9600-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1093520412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Scholarship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1361938442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1944054016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L002795/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2810694219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Early-Career Fellowship EP/L002795/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3631313543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","funder_display_name":"Microsoft Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4952545190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6972152217","display_name":"Multi-version Execution Techniques for Increasing the Reliability and Security of Evolving Software","funder_award_id":"EP/L002795/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2792451387.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2792451387.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5207355","https://openalex.org/W1979266184","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1988146703","https://openalex.org/W1993651556","https://openalex.org/W2001473217","https://openalex.org/W2014466911","https://openalex.org/W2038618263","https://openalex.org/W2040924900","https://openalex.org/W2049639527","https://openalex.org/W2062385987","https://openalex.org/W2076342816","https://openalex.org/W2082190528","https://openalex.org/W2092889191","https://openalex.org/W2109493568","https://openalex.org/W2114770744","https://openalex.org/W2116368564","https://openalex.org/W2116594414","https://openalex.org/W2150734399","https://openalex.org/W2163619189","https://openalex.org/W2170224888","https://openalex.org/W2170239024","https://openalex.org/W2185917628","https://openalex.org/W2272004637","https://openalex.org/W2314715525","https://openalex.org/W2401293755","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2742353928","https://openalex.org/W3149282701","https://openalex.org/W4236556644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2072806201","https://openalex.org/W2024218563","https://openalex.org/W1517743118","https://openalex.org/W1516169988","https://openalex.org/W2965845133","https://openalex.org/W2281090687","https://openalex.org/W1670831115","https://openalex.org/W1602178951","https://openalex.org/W108742494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"documents":[1,35,83,97,153],"are":[2,112,116],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"to":[5,98,130],"store":[6],"and":[7,17,30,52,84,102,107,132,158,169],"share":[8],"information":[9],"such":[10,110,137],"as":[11],"bank":[12],"statements,":[13],"contracts,":[14],"articles,":[15],"maps":[16],"tax":[18],"information.":[19],"Many":[20],"different":[21],"applications":[22],"exist":[23],"for":[24],"displaying":[25],"a":[26,76,91,146],"given":[27],"electronic":[28],"document,":[29],"users":[31],"rightfully":[32],"assume":[33],"that":[34,109],"will":[36],"be":[37],"rendered":[38,118],"similarly":[39],"independently":[40],"of":[41,56,69,81,94,104,136,149,177],"the":[42,50,60,63,79,100,134],"application":[43,61],"used.":[44],"However,":[45],"this":[46,72],"is":[47],"not":[48],"always":[49],"case,":[51],"these":[53,167],"inconsistencies,":[54,106],"regardless":[55],"their":[57],"causes\u2014bugs":[58],"in":[59,166],"or":[62,183],"file":[64],"itself\u2014can":[65],"become":[66],"critical":[67],"sources":[68],"miscommunication.":[70],"In":[71],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75],"study":[77],"on":[78,145],"correctness":[80],"PDF":[82,96,114],"readers.":[85],"We":[86,125,140,171],"start":[87],"by":[88,119,185],"manually":[89],"investigating":[90],"large":[92,147],"number":[93],"real-world":[95],"understand":[99],"frequency":[101],"characteristics":[103],"cross-reader":[105],"find":[108],"inconsistencies":[111,138],"common\u201413.5%":[113],"files":[115],"inconsistently":[117],"at":[120],"least":[121],"one":[122],"popular":[123,156],"reader.":[124],"then":[126],"propose":[127],"an":[128],"approach":[129,144],"detect":[131],"localize":[133],"source":[135],"automatically.":[139],"evaluate":[141],"our":[142,159],"automatic":[143],"corpus":[148],"over":[150],"230":[151],"K":[152],"using":[154],"11":[155],"readers":[157,168],"experiments":[160],"have":[161,179],"detected":[162],"30":[163],"unique":[164],"bugs":[165],"files.":[170],"also":[172],"reported":[173],"33":[174],"bugs,":[175],"some":[176],"which":[178],"already":[180],"been":[181],"confirmed":[182],"fixed":[184],"developers.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
