{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2172125163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","title":"The Economics of Unit Testing","display_name":"The Economics of Unit Testing","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2172125163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","mag":"2172125163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032268247","display_name":"Michael Ellims","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Ellims","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pi Technology, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pi Technology, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078652267","display_name":"James M. Bridges","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Bridges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pi Technology, Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pi Technology, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103902563","display_name":"Darrel Ince","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darrel C. Ince","raw_affiliation_strings":["Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Open University, Milton Keynes, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032268247"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87092854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.7595613598823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integration-testing","display_name":"Integration testing","score":0.6729137897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-strategy","display_name":"Test strategy","score":0.6449332237243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.6435791254043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-regression-testing","display_name":"Non-regression testing","score":0.6201196312904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-testing","display_name":"Regression testing","score":0.5935839414596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-based-testing","display_name":"Risk-based testing","score":0.5874471664428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.546822726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.5250829458236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4988532066345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceptance-testing","display_name":"Acceptance testing","score":0.4886055588722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45088446140289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box-testing","display_name":"Black-box testing","score":0.4506641626358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manual-testing","display_name":"Manual testing","score":0.44367411732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.437139630317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-performance-testing","display_name":"Software performance testing","score":0.42860543727874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"Software testing","score":0.4239421486854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.4107050597667694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.41061341762542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.2915618419647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2899244725704193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.278905987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.19109287858009338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1558845341205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15488365292549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.13637807965278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12192884087562561}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.7595613598823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107683887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782466","display_name":"Integration testing","level":3,"score":0.6729137897491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.6449332237243652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.6435791254043579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86469151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Non-regression testing","level":5,"score":0.6201196312904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161821725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Regression testing","level":5,"score":0.5935839414596558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37945671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336207","display_name":"Risk-based testing","level":5,"score":0.5874471664428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.546822726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5250829458236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4988532066345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131377759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322514","display_name":"Acceptance testing","level":2,"score":0.4886055588722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45088446140289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24169984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879969","display_name":"Black-box testing","level":5,"score":0.4506641626358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182122060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6752328","display_name":"Manual testing","level":5,"score":0.44367411732673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.437139630317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178059732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982529","display_name":"Software performance testing","level":5,"score":0.42860543727874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.4239421486854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.4107050597667694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41061341762542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2915618419647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2899244725704193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.278905987739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.19109287858009338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1558845341205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15488365292549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.13637807965278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12192884087562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-006-5964-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:3620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401187","display_name":"Open Research Online (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122154057","https://openalex.org/W236167514","https://openalex.org/W1490457956","https://openalex.org/W1498558214","https://openalex.org/W1524805786","https://openalex.org/W1562373550","https://openalex.org/W1817810154","https://openalex.org/W1842066208","https://openalex.org/W1936022305","https://openalex.org/W1940686192","https://openalex.org/W1949172138","https://openalex.org/W1970565328","https://openalex.org/W1975620021","https://openalex.org/W1975964295","https://openalex.org/W1997041205","https://openalex.org/W2002763011","https://openalex.org/W2006806790","https://openalex.org/W2008127419","https://openalex.org/W2022733993","https://openalex.org/W2025316954","https://openalex.org/W2029254184","https://openalex.org/W2059204751","https://openalex.org/W2068127755","https://openalex.org/W2074554604","https://openalex.org/W2077930480","https://openalex.org/W2096662969","https://openalex.org/W2104420598","https://openalex.org/W2111038766","https://openalex.org/W2114139008","https://openalex.org/W2118099742","https://openalex.org/W2118386354","https://openalex.org/W2120813060","https://openalex.org/W2122796178","https://openalex.org/W2123586642","https://openalex.org/W2123701883","https://openalex.org/W2128204165","https://openalex.org/W2132264164","https://openalex.org/W2134715804","https://openalex.org/W2136887998","https://openalex.org/W2141051748","https://openalex.org/W2151549581","https://openalex.org/W2153701080","https://openalex.org/W2154897437","https://openalex.org/W2155501769","https://openalex.org/W2157057671","https://openalex.org/W2161101035","https://openalex.org/W2169924227","https://openalex.org/W2227663992","https://openalex.org/W2497924470","https://openalex.org/W2544700366","https://openalex.org/W3000835376","https://openalex.org/W4206213294","https://openalex.org/W4247117937"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2296409010","https://openalex.org/W2387992358","https://openalex.org/W2364731361","https://openalex.org/W2513279291","https://openalex.org/W186259066","https://openalex.org/W2063289013","https://openalex.org/W2167550220","https://openalex.org/W2386035841","https://openalex.org/W2385674759","https://openalex.org/W2172125163"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}