{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415385452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","title":"Integrating AI chatbots in informal digital English learning: impacts on listening competencies in Chinese higher education","display_name":"Integrating AI chatbots in informal digital English learning: impacts on listening competencies in Chinese higher education","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415385452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102914244","display_name":"Qing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119042","display_name":"Gannan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jf7e446","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["CN","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Foreign Language Department, Science and Technology College Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Foreign Language Department, Science and Technology College Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039233249","display_name":"Harwati Hashim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-427X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harwati Hashim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022734751","display_name":"Nur Ainil Sulaiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Ainil Sulaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102914244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119042","https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":5.0819,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95623412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"18","first_page":"27031","last_page":"27059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14519","display_name":"Innovations in Education and Learning Technologies","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.8205999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learner-autonomy","display_name":"Learner autonomy","score":0.37540000677108765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.8205999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182325601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17064286","display_name":"Learner autonomy","level":4,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6588083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031274","display_name":"Informational listening","level":4,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778488704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15190726","display_name":"Audio equipment","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80245801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477475","display_name":"Semi-structured interview","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51672120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303446","display_name":"Cooperative learning","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778370645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5668585","display_name":"Note-taking","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692612","display_name":"Technology integration","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-025-13811-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415385452.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969898089","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2480088852","https://openalex.org/W2581948454","https://openalex.org/W2768285984","https://openalex.org/W2772429939","https://openalex.org/W2781101711","https://openalex.org/W2789827859","https://openalex.org/W2805384876","https://openalex.org/W2904976895","https://openalex.org/W2912420048","https://openalex.org/W2947785619","https://openalex.org/W2990298398","https://openalex.org/W3022672528","https://openalex.org/W3033224229","https://openalex.org/W3043830452","https://openalex.org/W3089931543","https://openalex.org/W3094631228","https://openalex.org/W3137001785","https://openalex.org/W3139488153","https://openalex.org/W3152215790","https://openalex.org/W3173941329","https://openalex.org/W3185181255","https://openalex.org/W3202046184","https://openalex.org/W3202168367","https://openalex.org/W3204718649","https://openalex.org/W3208645186","https://openalex.org/W3209912268","https://openalex.org/W4205970700","https://openalex.org/W4206806123","https://openalex.org/W4212961606","https://openalex.org/W4225142609","https://openalex.org/W4225567777","https://openalex.org/W4248757679","https://openalex.org/W4285141704","https://openalex.org/W4285594073","https://openalex.org/W4287837521","https://openalex.org/W4287890926","https://openalex.org/W4293010198","https://openalex.org/W4295753326","https://openalex.org/W4306643917","https://openalex.org/W4306741917","https://openalex.org/W4311195202","https://openalex.org/W4312090823","https://openalex.org/W4313272496","https://openalex.org/W4314937442","https://openalex.org/W4320026888","https://openalex.org/W4323905177","https://openalex.org/W4377294106","https://openalex.org/W4385293522","https://openalex.org/W4388660887","https://openalex.org/W4390105290","https://openalex.org/W4391473908","https://openalex.org/W4394890502","https://openalex.org/W4395678471","https://openalex.org/W4396762825","https://openalex.org/W4399851955","https://openalex.org/W4399881497","https://openalex.org/W4400902236","https://openalex.org/W4400995997","https://openalex.org/W4402489156","https://openalex.org/W4403690945","https://openalex.org/W4403773662","https://openalex.org/W4403915833","https://openalex.org/W4404661062","https://openalex.org/W4404880865","https://openalex.org/W4411534593","https://openalex.org/W4413183878","https://openalex.org/W4413183905"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,48,61,73,107,110,169,191,200],"rapid":[2],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,9,20,36,50,64,162,193,203],"technology,":[5],"an":[6,51,126],"increasing":[7],"number":[8],"learners":[10],"are":[11],"turning":[12],"to":[13,23,142,176,206,227],"AI":[14,52,194,204],"chatbots":[15,205],"in":[16,55,72,115,125,134,189,196],"Informal":[17],"Digital":[18],"Learning":[19],"English":[21],"(IDLE)":[22],"enhance":[24,207,232],"their":[25],"language":[26,221],"skills.":[27],"However,":[28],"empirical":[29],"research":[30,185],"on":[31,60],"leveraging":[32],"this":[33],"emerging":[34,236],"mode":[35],"learning":[37,182,213],"for":[38,220],"listening":[39,62,117,135,208,233],"development":[40],"remains":[41],"limited.":[42],"This":[43,184],"quasi-experimental":[44],"mixed-methods":[45],"study":[46,216],"explores":[47],"integration":[49],"chatbot":[53],"(ChatGPT-4)":[54],"IDLE":[56,127,197],"and":[57,88,121,152,172,180,210,223,231],"its":[58],"impact":[59],"competencies":[63],"Chinese":[65],"tertiary-level":[66],"EFL":[67],"students.":[68],"67":[69],"students":[70,105,113,167],"participated":[71],"quantitative":[74],"phase":[75],"(experimental":[76],"class":[77,82],"[EC]":[78],"=":[79,84,150,158],"35;":[80],"control":[81],"[CC]":[83],"32),":[85],"with":[86,102,140],"pre-":[87],"post-tests":[89],"conducted":[90],"over":[91],"a":[92,177,187],"16-week":[93],"intervention.":[94,108],"Qualitative":[95],"data":[96,164],"were":[97],"collected":[98],"through":[99,235],"semi-structured":[100],"interviews":[101],"10":[103],"EC":[104,112,138],"after":[106],"During":[109],"study,":[111],"engaged":[114],"CET-4-format":[116],"tasks":[118],"via":[119],"ChatGPT-4":[120],"received":[122],"individualized":[123],"feedback":[124],"context.":[128],"Quantitative":[129],"results":[130],"demonstrated":[131],"significant":[132],"gains":[133],"proficiency":[136],"among":[137],"participants,":[139],"large":[141,144],"very":[143],"within-group":[145],"effect":[146],"sizes":[147],"(Cohen\u2019s":[148,156],"d":[149,157],"1.57\u20133.43)":[151],"substantial":[153],"between-group":[154],"differences":[155],"1.05\u20132.26).":[159],"Thematic":[160],"analysis":[161],"interview":[163],"revealed":[165],"that":[166],"found":[168],"chatbot\u2019s":[170],"interactive":[171],"adaptive":[173],"features":[174],"conducive":[175],"more":[178],"engaging":[179],"personalized":[181],"experience.":[183],"addresses":[186],"gap":[188],"understanding":[190],"role":[192],"technology":[195],"contexts,":[198],"highlighting":[199],"pedagogical":[201],"potential":[202],"skills":[209,234],"enrich":[211],"out-of-class":[212],"environments.":[214],"The":[215],"offers":[217],"important":[218],"implications":[219],"educators":[222],"curriculum":[224],"designers":[225],"seeking":[226],"foster":[228],"learner":[229],"autonomy":[230],"technologies.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-22T00:00:00"}