{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383721491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","title":"A deep-learning-based grading system (ASAG) for reading comprehension assessment by using aphorisms as open-answer-questions","display_name":"A deep-learning-based grading system (ASAG) for reading comprehension assessment by using aphorisms as open-answer-questions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383721491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092434693","display_name":"Ivan D. Mardini G.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-4653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivan D. Mardini G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-4653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006968129","display_name":"Christian G. Quintero M.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0918-9375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian G. Quintero M.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040239847","display_name":"C\u00e9sar Viloria-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-8738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9sar A. Viloria N.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023676385","display_name":"Winston S. Percybrooks B.","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winston S. Percybrooks B.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092434694","display_name":"Heydy S. Robles N.","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heydy S. Robles N.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foreign Languages, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foreign Languages, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067803357","display_name":"Karen Villalba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2933-1829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142879360","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen Villalba R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Foreign Languages, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Foreign Languages, Universidad del Norte, KM5 Via Pto Colombia, Barranquilla, 081007, Atl\u00e1ntico, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092434693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142879360"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":3.5487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94123154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"4565","last_page":"4590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.7191598415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7097791433334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6450945734977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5994862914085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5973145365715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5631665587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5105172395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.48965388536453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4837489128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3939887285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.3498658537864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.34645146131515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17495062947273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.16787108778953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13157260417938232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.7191598415374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7097791433334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6450945734977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5994862914085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5973145365715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5631665587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5105172395706177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.48965388536453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4837489128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3939887285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.3498658537864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.34645146131515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17495062947273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.16787108778953552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13157260417938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10639-023-11890-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166722454","display_name":"Education and Information Technologies","issn_l":"1360-2357","issn":["1360-2357","1573-7608"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Education and Information Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309955","display_name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","ror":"https://ror.org/048jthh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322487","display_name":"Universidad del Norte","ror":"https://ror.org/031e6xm45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383721491.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1967082761","https://openalex.org/W2001744998","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105845572","https://openalex.org/W2133436118","https://openalex.org/W2144160622","https://openalex.org/W2153470478","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2183293350","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250817048","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2553881316","https://openalex.org/W2606600550","https://openalex.org/W2736578267","https://openalex.org/W2808827600","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2892542130","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2902677179","https://openalex.org/W2938619571","https://openalex.org/W2961710609","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2970812170","https://openalex.org/W2975540156","https://openalex.org/W3020936289","https://openalex.org/W3028435993","https://openalex.org/W3037461693","https://openalex.org/W3087421864","https://openalex.org/W3115666696","https://openalex.org/W4206828928","https://openalex.org/W4232491028","https://openalex.org/W4235557284","https://openalex.org/W4385681388","https://openalex.org/W6629028937","https://openalex.org/W6730827622","https://openalex.org/W6758993734","https://openalex.org/W6786020246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2353179089","https://openalex.org/W2923538289","https://openalex.org/W2353125546","https://openalex.org/W2470643824","https://openalex.org/W4400595174","https://openalex.org/W2349635380","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W2083863157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Today":[1],"reading":[2,41,119],"comprehension":[3,42,120],"is":[4,69,80,131],"considered":[5],"an":[6],"essential":[7],"skill":[8],"in":[9,140,156],"modern":[10],"life,":[11],"therefore,":[12],"higher":[13],"education":[14],"students":[15,139],"require":[16],"more":[17],"specific":[18],"skills":[19],"to":[20,73,94,100,151],"understand,":[21],"interpret":[22],"and":[23,36,60,71,143,162],"evaluate":[24],"texts":[25],"effectively.":[26],"Short":[27,76],"answer":[28],"questions":[29],"(SAQs)":[30],"are":[31,146],"one":[32],"of":[33,52,66,133,158,170],"the":[34,50,64,114,128,153,171],"relevant":[35],"proper":[37],"tools":[38],"for":[39,49],"assessing":[40],"skills.":[43],"Unlike":[44],"multiple-choice":[45],"questions,":[46],"SAQs":[47,67],"allow":[48],"assessment":[51],"cognitive":[53],"abilities":[54],"such":[55],"as":[56],"attention,":[57],"language,":[58],"perception,":[59],"problem":[61],"solving.":[62],"However,":[63],"task":[65],"scoring":[68],"time-consuming":[70],"susceptible":[72],"ambiguity.":[74],"Automatic":[75],"Answer":[77],"Grading":[78],"(ASAG)":[79],"a":[81,108,118],"new":[82],"paradigm":[83],"that":[84,175],"could":[85],"help":[86],"solve":[87],"these":[88],"problems.":[89],"This":[90],"experimental":[91,126],"analysis":[92],"aims":[93],"implement":[95],"ASAG":[96],"using":[97],"several":[98],"approaches":[99],"sentence":[101],"embedding":[102],"based":[103,122],"on":[104,113,123],"deep":[105],"learning":[106],"with":[107,117,148],"multilayer":[109],"perceptron":[110],"regression":[111],"layer":[112],"top,":[115],"trained":[116],"dataset":[121,130],"aphorisms.":[124],"For":[125],"testing,":[127],"available":[129],"composed":[132],"answers":[134],"given":[135],"by":[136],"199":[137],"undergraduate":[138],"Spanish.":[141],"BERT":[142,176],"Skip-Thought":[144],"models":[145],"tested":[147],"different":[149],"hyperparameters":[150],"find":[152],"best":[154],"performance":[155],"terms":[157],"Pearson":[159],"correlation":[160],"coefficient":[161],"RMSE":[163],"against":[164],"human":[165],"experts":[166],"grades.":[167],"The":[168],"result":[169],"current":[172],"study":[173],"showed":[174],"model":[177],"performed":[178],"better":[179],"than":[180],"other":[181],"approaches.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
