{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313650676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","title":"A comprehensive taxonomy for explainable artificial intelligence: a systematic survey of surveys on methods and concepts","display_name":"A comprehensive taxonomy for explainable artificial intelligence: a systematic survey of surveys on methods and concepts","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313650676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028540603","display_name":"Gesina Schwalbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-2478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147869694","display_name":"Continental (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/0359s0245","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147869694"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94626330","display_name":"University of Bamberg","ror":"https://ror.org/01c1w6d29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gesina Schwalbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Group, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany","Continental AG, Regensburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-2478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Group, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continental AG, Regensburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147869694"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015022184","display_name":"Bettina Finzel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-6254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94626330","display_name":"University of Bamberg","ror":"https://ror.org/01c1w6d29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bettina Finzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Group, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-6254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Group, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028540603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147869694","https://openalex.org/I94626330"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":45.6891,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":273,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99890138,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":"3043","last_page":"3101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14351","display_name":"Statistical and Computational Modeling","score":0.9405999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9369000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.690051794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5778946280479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5730811953544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.43828529119491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3834906816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.33431878685951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23564788699150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.06660416722297668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.690051794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5778946280479431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5730811953544617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.43828529119491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3834906816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33431878685951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23564788699150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06660416722297668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00867-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4656649120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01IS18056 B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G687937434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ 01IS18056 B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313650676.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493215903","https://openalex.org/W1501005121","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1967661515","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1994606570","https://openalex.org/W2003238113","https://openalex.org/W2003463929","https://openalex.org/W2013587512","https://openalex.org/W2026905436","https://openalex.org/W2028792642","https://openalex.org/W2053075547","https://openalex.org/W2090645352","https://openalex.org/W2112363578","https://openalex.org/W2125847307","https://openalex.org/W2126159342","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2332488709","https://openalex.org/W2415277563","https://openalex.org/W2493343568","https://openalex.org/W2522925973","https://openalex.org/W2536379393","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2734775939","https://openalex.org/W2740181639","https://openalex.org/W2763172566","https://openalex.org/W2771330107","https://openalex.org/W2798435682","https://openalex.org/W2802751390","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2883512601","https://openalex.org/W2885138528","https://openalex.org/W2888570478","https://openalex.org/W2888580379","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2895739182","https://openalex.org/W2910705748","https://openalex.org/W2921802966","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2947686205","https://openalex.org/W2958089299","https://openalex.org/W2958514452","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962883557","https://openalex.org/W2963016445","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963277062","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2963610729","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2964323046","https://openalex.org/W2965446359","https://openalex.org/W2966362896","https://openalex.org/W2972441196","https://openalex.org/W2972854536","https://openalex.org/W2977347506","https://openalex.org/W2978238437","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2995523160","https://openalex.org/W2996061341","https://openalex.org/W3000473298","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3004725381","https://openalex.org/W3010143093","https://openalex.org/W3011179515","https://openalex.org/W3034776267","https://openalex.org/W3036319923","https://openalex.org/W3037311718","https://openalex.org/W3041288499","https://openalex.org/W3042097880","https://openalex.org/W3082925502","https://openalex.org/W3085955563","https://openalex.org/W3088652003","https://openalex.org/W3088836971","https://openalex.org/W3101366597","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3101981467","https://openalex.org/W3103783719","https://openalex.org/W3113107791","https://openalex.org/W3116073702","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3122821379","https://openalex.org/W3124373176","https://openalex.org/W3125997628","https://openalex.org/W3131457744","https://openalex.org/W3133543405","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3144635834","https://openalex.org/W3145057472","https://openalex.org/W3167054736","https://openalex.org/W3171322015","https://openalex.org/W3186608063","https://openalex.org/W3193042250","https://openalex.org/W3194668998","https://openalex.org/W3202108985","https://openalex.org/W3207470137","https://openalex.org/W3210349787","https://openalex.org/W4225150645","https://openalex.org/W4226366304","https://openalex.org/W4229494842","https://openalex.org/W4239106607","https://openalex.org/W4241644338","https://openalex.org/W4292933682","https://openalex.org/W4306791045","https://openalex.org/W6601796474","https://openalex.org/W6699011579"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,127],"the":[2,18,27,48,51,58,87,122,142,169],"meantime,":[3],"a":[4,34,67,93,110,128,159,172,205],"wide":[5],"variety":[6],"of":[7,21,29,36,50,76,79,101,113,125,141,161,168,210],"terminologies,":[8],"motivations,":[9],"approaches,":[10],"and":[11,55,81,108,132,136,145,152,166,202,207,214,223],"evaluation":[12],"criteria":[13],"have":[14,92],"been":[15],"developed":[16],"within":[17],"research":[19],"field":[20],"explainable":[22],"artificial":[23],"intelligence":[24],"(XAI).":[25],"With":[26],"amount":[28],"XAI":[30,60,74,114,149,211],"methods":[31,37,75,115,188],"vastly":[32],"growing,":[33],"taxonomy":[35,112,196],"is":[38],"needed":[39],"by":[40,66,181],"researchers":[41],"as":[42,44,204],"well":[43],"practitioners:":[45],"To":[46],"grasp":[47],"breadth":[49],"topic,":[52],"compare":[53],"methods,":[54,150],"to":[56,118],"select":[57],"right":[59],"method":[61,153,212],"based":[62],"on":[63,148],"traits":[64,213],"required":[65],"specific":[68],"use-case":[69],"context.":[70],"Many":[71],"taxonomies":[72],"for":[73,220],"varying":[77],"level":[78],"detail":[80],"depth":[82],"can":[83],"be":[84],"found":[85],"in":[86,121,158,189],"literature.":[88],"While":[89],"they":[90,96],"often":[91],"different":[94],"focus,":[95],"also":[97],"exhibit":[98],"many":[99],"points":[100],"overlap.":[102],"This":[103],"paper":[104],"unifies":[105],"these":[106],"efforts":[107],"provides":[109,218],"complete":[111],"with":[116],"respect":[117],"notions":[119],"present":[120],"current":[123,146],"state":[124],"research.":[126,226],"structured":[129,174],"literature":[130],"analysis":[131],"meta-study,":[133],"we":[134,163,192],"identified":[135],"reviewed":[137],"more":[138,182],"than":[139,183],"50":[140,184],"most":[143],"cited":[144],"surveys":[147],"metrics,":[151],"traits.":[154],"After":[155],"summarizing":[156],"them":[157],"survey":[160],"surveys,":[162],"merge":[164],"terminologies":[165],"concepts":[167,177],"articles":[170],"into":[171],"unified":[173],"taxonomy.":[175],"Single":[176],"therein":[178],"are":[179],"illustrated":[180],"diverse":[185],"selected":[186],"example":[187],"total,":[190],"which":[191],"categorize":[193],"accordingly.":[194],"The":[195],"may":[197],"serve":[198],"both":[199],"beginners,":[200],"researchers,":[201],"practitioners":[203],"reference":[206],"wide-ranging":[208],"overview":[209],"aspects.":[215],"Hence,":[216],"it":[217],"foundations":[219],"targeted,":[221],"use-case-oriented,":[222],"context-sensitive":[224],"future":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39}],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2023-01-07T00:00:00"}