{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158572575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","title":"Grouped feature importance and combined features effect plot","display_name":"Grouped feature importance and combined features effect plot","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158572575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","mag":"3158572575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025477433","display_name":"Quay Au","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5252-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quay Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043712563","display_name":"Julia Herbinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0430-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Herbinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0430-8523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048056611","display_name":"Clemens Stachl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-3067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clemens Stachl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Behavioral Science and Technology, University of St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Behavioral Science and Technology, University of St. Gallen, 9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069072700","display_name":"Bernd Bischl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Bischl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060625180","display_name":"Giuseppe Casalicchio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5324-5966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Casalicchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025477433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":6.9365,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97299098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"1401","last_page":"1450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.9093757271766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7701126337051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.691766619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plot","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","score":0.6451454162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6407267451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6360937356948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.46248918771743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4410727024078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.42801767587661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.4273771047592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40461498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18870314955711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07386535406112671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9093757271766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7701126337051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.691766619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167651023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474611","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6451454162597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6407267451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6360937356948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.46248918771743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4410727024078369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.42801767587661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.4273771047592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40461498498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18870314955711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07386535406112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.11688","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.11688","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.11688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.alexandria.unisg.ch:266641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/266641/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400650","display_name":"Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158813","host_organization_name":"St.Gallen University of Teacher Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158813"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10618-022-00840-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S121920818","display_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","issn_l":"1384-5810","issn":["1384-5810","1573-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3467264548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01IS18036A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6051864723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SES-1758835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7683591212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DIK-2106-0007 // DIK0260/02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331012","funder_display_name":"Bayerische Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7866877127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1758835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331012","display_name":"Bayerische Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158572575.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158572575.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513618424","https://openalex.org/W1638081485","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2004026774","https://openalex.org/W2019176983","https://openalex.org/W2030818161","https://openalex.org/W2038763866","https://openalex.org/W2060315682","https://openalex.org/W2064208261","https://openalex.org/W2081156723","https://openalex.org/W2087684630","https://openalex.org/W2088286197","https://openalex.org/W2094839437","https://openalex.org/W2096790506","https://openalex.org/W2097296149","https://openalex.org/W2098290597","https://openalex.org/W2098421151","https://openalex.org/W2101267652","https://openalex.org/W2106398669","https://openalex.org/W2113328646","https://openalex.org/W2115380778","https://openalex.org/W2121978440","https://openalex.org/W2125847307","https://openalex.org/W2127658298","https://openalex.org/W2132663737","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2138019504","https://openalex.org/W2138312306","https://openalex.org/W2142057670","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2143481518","https://openalex.org/W2146655738","https://openalex.org/W2156332695","https://openalex.org/W2157436967","https://openalex.org/W2157801062","https://openalex.org/W2162162988","https://openalex.org/W2169683554","https://openalex.org/W2221625877","https://openalex.org/W2284729062","https://openalex.org/W2392412101","https://openalex.org/W2524967876","https://openalex.org/W2559181347","https://openalex.org/W2562162676","https://openalex.org/W2604757304","https://openalex.org/W2744274567","https://openalex.org/W2747069414","https://openalex.org/W2753518399","https://openalex.org/W2787070805","https://openalex.org/W2797800832","https://openalex.org/W2805237548","https://openalex.org/W2810511505","https://openalex.org/W2888254195","https://openalex.org/W2902983374","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2935780604","https://openalex.org/W2945404821","https://openalex.org/W2946731574","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963535485","https://openalex.org/W2964060211","https://openalex.org/W2964186735","https://openalex.org/W2969476445","https://openalex.org/W2974159646","https://openalex.org/W2997030980","https://openalex.org/W3013920665","https://openalex.org/W3015912258","https://openalex.org/W3031627894","https://openalex.org/W3033797488","https://openalex.org/W3035517615","https://openalex.org/W3043210715","https://openalex.org/W3105959310","https://openalex.org/W3106080991","https://openalex.org/W3137459629","https://openalex.org/W3137906737","https://openalex.org/W3138108720","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3165687515","https://openalex.org/W4231760770","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W6600414860","https://openalex.org/W6607311024","https://openalex.org/W6635247719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4312407344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Interpretable":[1],"machine":[2,18],"learning":[3,19],"has":[4,31],"become":[5],"a":[6,41,71,107,129,136,142],"very":[7],"active":[8],"area":[9,30],"of":[10,17,37,61,74,112,135,138,147],"research":[11,67],"due":[12],"to":[13,53,85,131,157],"the":[14,35,55,59,87,115,122,133],"rising":[15],"popularity":[16],"algorithms":[20],"and":[21,46,95,109,153,160],"their":[22],"inherently":[23],"challenging":[24],"interpretability.":[25],"Most":[26],"work":[27],"in":[28,40,114],"this":[29,66],"been":[32],"focused":[33],"on":[34,92,141],"interpretation":[36],"single":[38],"features":[39,113,124,139],"model.":[42],"However,":[43],"for":[44,82],"researchers":[45],"practitioners,":[47],"it":[48],"is":[49,128],"often":[50],"equally":[51],"important":[52],"quantify":[54],"importance":[56],"or":[57],"visualize":[58,132],"effect":[60,125,134],"feature":[62,83,89,117],"groups.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"gap,":[68],"we":[69,120],"provide":[70],"comprehensive":[72],"overview":[73],"how":[75],"existing":[76],"model-agnostic":[77],"techniques":[78],"can":[79],"be":[80],"defined":[81],"groups":[84],"assess":[86],"grouped":[88,116],"importance,":[90],"focusing":[91],"permutation-based,":[93],"refitting,":[94],"Shapley-based":[96],"methods.":[97,163],"We":[98,149],"also":[99],"introduce":[100,121],"an":[101],"importance-based":[102],"sequential":[103],"procedure":[104],"that":[105],"identifies":[106],"stable":[108],"well-performing":[110],"combination":[111,146],"space.":[118],"Furthermore,":[119],"combined":[123],"plot,":[126],"which":[127],"technique":[130],"group":[137],"based":[140],"sparse,":[143],"interpretable":[144],"linear":[145],"features.":[148],"used":[150],"simulation":[151],"studies":[152],"real":[154],"data":[155],"examples":[156],"analyze,":[158],"compare,":[159],"discuss":[161],"these":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}