{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1009693448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","title":"Tractability in constraint satisfaction problems: a survey","display_name":"Tractability in constraint satisfaction problems: a survey","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1009693448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","mag":"1009693448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75534514","display_name":"Constraints","issn_l":"1383-7133","issn":["1383-7133","1572-9354"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Constraints","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061130297","display_name":"Cl\u0082\u00e9ment Carbonnel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2312-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/004raaa70","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190497903","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/03vcm6439","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I190497903","https://openalex.org/I193033237","https://openalex.org/I196454796","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405258862","https://openalex.org/I4405259414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098964","display_name":"Toulouse Mathematics Institute","ror":null,"country_code":"FR","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Carbonnel","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400, Toulouse, France","University of Toulouse, INP Toulouse, LAAS, 31400, Toulouse, France","LAAS-ROC - \u00c9quipe Recherche Op\u00e9rationnelle, Optimisation Combinatoire et Contraintes (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, 31400, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190497903","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toulouse, INP Toulouse, LAAS, 31400, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098964","https://openalex.org/I17866349","https://openalex.org/I190497903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAAS-ROC - \u00c9quipe Recherche Op\u00e9rationnelle, Optimisation Combinatoire et Contraintes (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190497903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004558530","display_name":"Martin Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131550300","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse-I-Capitole","ror":"https://ror.org/0443n9e75","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131550300"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119061","display_name":"Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse","ror":"https://ror.org/01rx4qw44","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I4387153255","https://openalex.org/I4405258862","https://openalex.org/I4405259414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152422","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse - Jean Jaur\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezk3x31","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160189","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux","ror":"https://ror.org/054qv7y42","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin C. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRIT, University of Toulouse III, 31062, Toulouse, France","UT3 - Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (118 route de Narbonne - 31062 Toulouse - France)","IRIT-ADRIA - Argumentation, D\u00e9cision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage (Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - IRIT\r\n118 Route de Narbonne\r\n31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 - France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIT, University of Toulouse III, 31062, Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I4210119061"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UT3 - Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (118 route de Narbonne - 31062 Toulouse - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIT-ADRIA - Argumentation, D\u00e9cision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage (Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - IRIT\r\n118 Route de Narbonne\r\n31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152422","https://openalex.org/I134560555","https://openalex.org/I4210119061","https://openalex.org/I3131550300","https://openalex.org/I4210160189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96608505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"115","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9527000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction-problem","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","score":0.9027054309844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.720801055431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.7044546604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","score":0.6876385807991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5039650797843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4224834740161896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3696305751800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.336414098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19846799969673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06333142518997192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.9027054309844971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.720801055431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7044546604156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.6876385807991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5039650797843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4224834740161896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3696305751800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.336414098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19846799969673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06333142518997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75534514","display_name":"Constraints","issn_l":"1383-7133","issn":["1383-7133","1572-9354"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Constraints","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oatao.univ-toulouse.fr:16861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401987","display_name":"Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (University of Toulouse)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01230685v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01230685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Constraints, 2016, 21 (2), pp.115-144. ⟨10.1007/s10601-015-9198-6⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:oatao.univ-toulouse.fr:16861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401987","display_name":"Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (University of Toulouse)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I17866349","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Toulouse Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17866349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3640746038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L020394/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7917444926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L021226/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":192,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47957325","https://openalex.org/W72602584","https://openalex.org/W77191723","https://openalex.org/W91846431","https://openalex.org/W99828349","https://openalex.org/W103975088","https://openalex.org/W131048069","https://openalex.org/W153399489","https://openalex.org/W157911545","https://openalex.org/W272087405","https://openalex.org/W282367566","https://openalex.org/W599692955","https://openalex.org/W1486752157","https://openalex.org/W1488192684","https://openalex.org/W1490019423","https://openalex.org/W1490370380","https://openalex.org/W1490718449","https://openalex.org/W1504850494","https://openalex.org/W1507422661","https://openalex.org/W1511747486","https://openalex.org/W1513023708","https://openalex.org/W1516265808","https://openalex.org/W1522877314","https://openalex.org/W1527664624","https://openalex.org/W1539375795","https://openalex.org/W1542627509","https://openalex.org/W1559445597","https://openalex.org/W1559548620","https://openalex.org/W1562734116","https://openalex.org/W1567384271","https://openalex.org/W1570219696","https://openalex.org/W1570319308","https://openalex.org/W1571197496","https://openalex.org/W1591764981","https://openalex.org/W1601269853","https://openalex.org/W1602309302","https://openalex.org/W1615001418","https://openalex.org/W1685626019","https://openalex.org/W1703854763","https://openalex.org/W1709155369","https://openalex.org/W1737419911","https://openalex.org/W1748315421","https://openalex.org/W1812083975","https://openalex.org/W1827493799","https://openalex.org/W1828950263","https://openalex.org/W1836565104","https://openalex.org/W1839939441","https://openalex.org/W1842876744","https://openalex.org/W1848884953","https://openalex.org/W1874576524","https://openalex.org/W1894390600","https://openalex.org/W1931825747","https://openalex.org/W1945412132","https://openalex.org/W1965377399","https://openalex.org/W1965551900","https://openalex.org/W1965737603","https://openalex.org/W1967190838","https://openalex.org/W1967597280","https://openalex.org/W1972179987","https://openalex.org/W1973199140","https://openalex.org/W1975442866","https://openalex.org/W1975452925","https://openalex.org/W1981324778","https://openalex.org/W1981616529","https://openalex.org/W1983022219","https://openalex.org/W1983032729","https://openalex.org/W1983648207","https://openalex.org/W1984074081","https://openalex.org/W1985525233","https://openalex.org/W1988443389","https://openalex.org/W1989358964","https://openalex.org/W1989984435","https://openalex.org/W1991486497","https://openalex.org/W1991728994","https://openalex.org/W1995102370","https://openalex.org/W1995549769","https://openalex.org/W1997175672","https://openalex.org/W1997649256","https://openalex.org/W2005079828","https://openalex.org/W2008536061","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2011858932","https://openalex.org/W2012141606","https://openalex.org/W2012329067","https://openalex.org/W2016639451","https://openalex.org/W2018964411","https://openalex.org/W2020154454","https://openalex.org/W2022841964","https://openalex.org/W2025319967","https://openalex.org/W2026753685","https://openalex.org/W2030985429","https://openalex.org/W2032487621","https://openalex.org/W2033325972","https://openalex.org/W2034122136","https://openalex.org/W2034501206","https://openalex.org/W2035135174","https://openalex.org/W2036265926","https://openalex.org/W2039898566","https://openalex.org/W2040102827","https://openalex.org/W2041737564","https://openalex.org/W2043072220","https://openalex.org/W2049197377","https://openalex.org/W2052726983","https://openalex.org/W2052936500","https://openalex.org/W2053204108","https://openalex.org/W2059372025","https://openalex.org/W2059451253","https://openalex.org/W2059608229","https://openalex.org/W2061734130","https://openalex.org/W2063191044","https://openalex.org/W2066776015","https://openalex.org/W2067706177","https://openalex.org/W2070208123","https://openalex.org/W2071152266","https://openalex.org/W2077575555","https://openalex.org/W2078752178","https://openalex.org/W2079057772","https://openalex.org/W2080169329","https://openalex.org/W2085550081","https://openalex.org/W2087072039","https://openalex.org/W2087215337","https://openalex.org/W2097738137","https://openalex.org/W2107918022","https://openalex.org/W2111465050","https://openalex.org/W2111829945","https://openalex.org/W2112167630","https://openalex.org/W2113643014","https://openalex.org/W2114841580","https://openalex.org/W2116407296","https://openalex.org/W2118328349","https://openalex.org/W2129131081","https://openalex.org/W2130182605","https://openalex.org/W2132104546","https://openalex.org/W2135414191","https://openalex.org/W2136070841","https://openalex.org/W2138514146","https://openalex.org/W2141898804","https://openalex.org/W2143238590","https://openalex.org/W2143684958","https://openalex.org/W2146944439","https://openalex.org/W2150339067","https://openalex.org/W2151131175","https://openalex.org/W2155002729","https://openalex.org/W2161484642","https://openalex.org/W2164680823","https://openalex.org/W2166566648","https://openalex.org/W2169474499","https://openalex.org/W2172276559","https://openalex.org/W2199961663","https://openalex.org/W2231883621","https://openalex.org/W2246468915","https://openalex.org/W2278526944","https://openalex.org/W2286575991","https://openalex.org/W2314918483","https://openalex.org/W2318083694","https://openalex.org/W2337098149","https://openalex.org/W2396782931","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2407339229","https://openalex.org/W2426452510","https://openalex.org/W2476096155","https://openalex.org/W2504838369","https://openalex.org/W2565184432","https://openalex.org/W2569790754","https://openalex.org/W2613504727","https://openalex.org/W2624220145","https://openalex.org/W2914011939","https://openalex.org/W2950058198","https://openalex.org/W2953287580","https://openalex.org/W2963150505","https://openalex.org/W2963478382","https://openalex.org/W2984454117","https://openalex.org/W2997467998","https://openalex.org/W3099949921","https://openalex.org/W3101984934","https://openalex.org/W3103768650","https://openalex.org/W3105727132","https://openalex.org/W3124201190","https://openalex.org/W3125322785","https://openalex.org/W3149604617","https://openalex.org/W4213257303","https://openalex.org/W4230293356","https://openalex.org/W4233756358","https://openalex.org/W4239797293","https://openalex.org/W4248948128","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292230561","https://openalex.org/W6632678157","https://openalex.org/W6637371358","https://openalex.org/W6980772732","https://openalex.org/W7017199106","https://openalex.org/W7048286187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161128834","https://openalex.org/W2091348864","https://openalex.org/W2569549435","https://openalex.org/W2097415053","https://openalex.org/W2012141606","https://openalex.org/W1550482496","https://openalex.org/W2784687883","https://openalex.org/W2102858635","https://openalex.org/W1527777107","https://openalex.org/W2012694101"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}