{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3141760229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","title":"Read, spot and translate","display_name":"Read, spot and translate","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3141760229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","mag":"3141760229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95210917","display_name":"Machine Translation","issn_l":"0922-6567","issn":["0922-6567","1573-0573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Translation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053217291","display_name":"Lucia Specia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-3128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Specia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-3128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031749307","display_name":"Josiah Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-3893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josiah Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110323178","display_name":"Sun Jae Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922845939","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034648031","display_name":"Alissa Ostapenko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alissa Ostapenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055155740","display_name":"Pranava Madhyastha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranava Madhyastha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053217291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0941,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34172859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"2","first_page":"145","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8306961059570312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7911814451217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground","display_name":"Ground","score":0.770026683807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6699496507644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6104255318641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5890188813209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.551059901714325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5447235703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.44871100783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-linguistics","display_name":"Computational linguistics","score":0.44868361949920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.42421233654022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.20657232403755188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8306961059570312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7911814451217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.770026683807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6699496507644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6104255318641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5890188813209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.551059901714325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5447235703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.44871100783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.44868361949920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.42421233654022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.20657232403755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95210917","display_name":"Machine Translation","issn_l":"0922-6567","issn":["0922-6567","1573-0573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Translation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34776635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine translation : MT","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:29129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/pranava=2Emadhyastha.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:7469115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8550676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8550676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8550676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mach Transl","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10590-021-09259-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95210917","display_name":"Machine Translation","issn_l":"0922-6567","issn":["0922-6567","1573-0573"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Machine Translation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8806728674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"678017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315072","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3141760229.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3141760229.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1773149199","https://openalex.org/W2025341678","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2133512280","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2185175083","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2247513039","https://openalex.org/W2247931231","https://openalex.org/W2293344577","https://openalex.org/W2463565445","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2509282593","https://openalex.org/W2513263213","https://openalex.org/W2516756687","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2581101319","https://openalex.org/W2593341061","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2726413184","https://openalex.org/W2760425631","https://openalex.org/W2772556289","https://openalex.org/W2807230608","https://openalex.org/W2889545026","https://openalex.org/W2902031175","https://openalex.org/W2903343986","https://openalex.org/W2950178297","https://openalex.org/W2950848235","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963331233","https://openalex.org/W2963407669","https://openalex.org/W2963876447","https://openalex.org/W2963909453","https://openalex.org/W2964192290","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2964258722","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2984194315","https://openalex.org/W3098232790","https://openalex.org/W4237723258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703","https://openalex.org/W2794347674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,58,106],"propose":[2],"multimodal":[3],"machine":[4,104],"translation":[5,96],"(MMT)":[6],"approaches":[7],"that":[8],"exploit":[9],"the":[10,29,47,53,68,75,79,95,110],"correspondences":[11],"between":[12],"words":[13],"and":[14,42,82,85,98,119,132],"image":[15,40],"regions.":[16],"In":[17],"contrast":[18],"to":[19,73,83,102,130],"existing":[20,126],"work,":[21],"our":[22],"referential":[23,61,122],"grounding":[24,45,62,90,123],"method":[25],"considers":[26],"objects":[27],"as":[28],"visual":[30,44,80],"unit":[31],"for":[32,113],"grounding,":[33,66,88],"rather":[34,50],"than":[35,51],"whole":[36],"images":[37],"or":[38],"abstract":[39],"regions,":[41],"performs":[43],"in":[46,78],"source":[48,76],"language,":[49],"at":[52],"decoding":[54],"stage":[55],"via":[56],"attention.":[57],"explore":[59],"two":[60],"approaches:":[63],"(i)":[64],"implicit":[65],"where":[67,89],"model":[69],"jointly":[70],"learns":[71],"how":[72],"ground":[74],"language":[77,115],"representation":[81],"translate;":[84],"(ii)":[86],"explicit":[87],"is":[91,99],"performed":[92,107],"independent":[93],"of":[94],"model,":[97],"subsequently":[100],"used":[101],"guide":[103],"translation.":[105],"experiments":[108],"on":[109],"Multi30K":[111],"dataset":[112],"three":[114],"pairs:":[116],"English\u2013German,":[117],"English\u2013French":[118],"English\u2013Czech.":[120],"Our":[121],"models":[124,128],"outperform":[125],"MMT":[127],"according":[129],"automatic":[131],"human":[133],"evaluation":[134],"metrics.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
