{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143421005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","title":"A comprehensive survey on federated semi-supervised learning: applications, challenges, and future directions","display_name":"A comprehensive survey on federated semi-supervised learning: applications, challenges, and future directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143421005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130950724","display_name":"Ahmet Alk\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66514158","display_name":"Hacettepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Alk\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128366354","display_name":"Feyza Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Okay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95634034","display_name":"Gazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/054xkpr46","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feyza Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Okay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, 06570, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, 06570, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039405967","display_name":"\u0130brahim K\u00f6k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-8079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0130brahim K\u00f6k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130928675","display_name":"Suat \u00d6zdemir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66514158","display_name":"Hacettepe University","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suat \u00d6zdemir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130950724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66514158"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":13.0406,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98105931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8865000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8865000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.8587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-learning","display_name":"Collaborative learning","score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-data","display_name":"Open data","score":0.303600013256073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.8587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780535194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309901","display_name":"Open data","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779436431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672407","display_name":"Policy learning","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-026-06028-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323272","display_name":"Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwvgz42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7143421005.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7143421005.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007872832","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2030476695","https://openalex.org/W2079057609","https://openalex.org/W2101210369","https://openalex.org/W2106401878","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2117241830","https://openalex.org/W2152498377","https://openalex.org/W2387306914","https://openalex.org/W2526085503","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2885657717","https://openalex.org/W2903890850","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2982464076","https://openalex.org/W2984353870","https://openalex.org/W3015613093","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3045736930","https://openalex.org/W3046653923","https://openalex.org/W3116546042","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3141518839","https://openalex.org/W3156669901","https://openalex.org/W3176501042","https://openalex.org/W3177095755","https://openalex.org/W3177660058","https://openalex.org/W3182739741","https://openalex.org/W3188030217","https://openalex.org/W3193610988","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W3200614013","https://openalex.org/W3204468048","https://openalex.org/W3209696639","https://openalex.org/W3210782205","https://openalex.org/W4200361752","https://openalex.org/W4200549418","https://openalex.org/W4206843393","https://openalex.org/W4211226080","https://openalex.org/W4212905885","https://openalex.org/W4214626077","https://openalex.org/W4220810976","https://openalex.org/W4221152215","https://openalex.org/W4221161839","https://openalex.org/W4225482284","https://openalex.org/W4226250051","https://openalex.org/W4226391404","https://openalex.org/W4228996454","https://openalex.org/W4229029907","https://openalex.org/W4229049252","https://openalex.org/W4255421341","https://openalex.org/W4283396825","https://openalex.org/W4285011395","https://openalex.org/W4288391594","https://openalex.org/W4289534065","https://openalex.org/W4289821054","https://openalex.org/W4308350525","https://openalex.org/W4309080560","https://openalex.org/W4309095845","https://openalex.org/W4310193694","https://openalex.org/W4310918004","https://openalex.org/W4310990713","https://openalex.org/W4312462223","https://openalex.org/W4312647015","https://openalex.org/W4312924569","https://openalex.org/W4312995619","https://openalex.org/W4313644291","https://openalex.org/W4319791589","https://openalex.org/W4319997089","https://openalex.org/W4321019267","https://openalex.org/W4321601992","https://openalex.org/W4361756856","https://openalex.org/W4367185661","https://openalex.org/W4375929067","https://openalex.org/W4381952730","https://openalex.org/W4386422408","https://openalex.org/W4386608426","https://openalex.org/W4387421446","https://openalex.org/W4389140617","https://openalex.org/W4390480840","https://openalex.org/W4391247941","https://openalex.org/W4391896150","https://openalex.org/W4394913255","https://openalex.org/W4400625028","https://openalex.org/W4401536897","https://openalex.org/W4402401863","https://openalex.org/W4404223863","https://openalex.org/W4405243846","https://openalex.org/W4406063703","https://openalex.org/W4408476206","https://openalex.org/W4408733798","https://openalex.org/W4410108728","https://openalex.org/W4413428189","https://openalex.org/W4415797890"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Federated":[1,75],"Learning":[2,77],"(FL)":[3],"is":[4,42,79],"a":[5,11,71,103,116],"decentralized":[6],"method":[7],"for":[8,141],"collaboratively":[9],"training":[10],"global":[12,90],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"model":[15,91,99],"while":[16],"preserving":[17],"the":[18,85,89,125],"privacy":[19],"of":[20,88,106,121],"user":[21],"data.":[22],"In":[23],"recent":[24,122],"years,":[25],"its":[26],"privacy-preserving":[27],"and":[28,62,109,118,133],"collaborative":[29],"nature":[30],"has":[31],"attracted":[32],"substantial":[33],"interest":[34],"among":[35],"researchers.":[36],"However,":[37],"in":[38,69,92],"real-world":[39],"scenarios,":[40],"it":[41],"often":[43],"impractical":[44],"to":[45,83,110,136],"assume":[46],"that":[47],"all":[48],"clients":[49],"have":[50],"fully":[51],"labeled":[52,57],"data,":[53],"as":[54],"acquiring":[55],"large":[56],"datasets":[58],"can":[59],"be":[60],"costly":[61],"requires":[63],"expertise.":[64],"To":[65,101],"overcome":[66],"this":[67,107],"problem":[68],"FL,":[70],"new":[72],"approach":[73],"called":[74],"Semi-Supervised":[76],"(FSSL)":[78],"presented":[80],"which":[81],"aims":[82],"enhance":[84],"overall":[86],"performance":[87],"FL":[93],"by":[94],"incorporating":[95],"unlabeled":[96],"data":[97],"during":[98],"training.":[100],"provide":[102,115,137],"thorough":[104],"examination":[105],"area":[108],"stimulate":[111],"further":[112],"research,":[113],"we":[114],"systematic":[117],"comprehensive":[119],"overview":[120],"studies":[123],"using":[124],"FSSL":[126],"method.":[127],"We":[128],"also":[129],"discuss":[130],"current":[131],"challenges":[132],"open":[134],"issues":[135],"researchers":[138],"with":[139],"directions":[140],"future":[142],"research.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2026-03-31T00:00:00"}
