{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414200020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","title":"Performance evaluation of ethereum consensus mechanisms in IoT-blockchain systems using resource-constrained devices","display_name":"Performance evaluation of ethereum consensus mechanisms in IoT-blockchain systems using resource-constrained devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414200020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094226169","display_name":"Haruki Kurisaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haruki Kurisaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084458566","display_name":"Yue Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8813-4198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058485829","display_name":"Phi Le Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6547-7641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94518387","display_name":"Hanoi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nyv3z04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phi Le Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for AI Innovation and Societal Impact (AI4LIFE), Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for AI Innovation and Societal Impact (AI4LIFE), Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94518387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077043884","display_name":"Kien Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-3084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33,Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33,Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021227619","display_name":"Hiroo Sekiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-1463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroo Sekiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077043884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"],"apc_list":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2790},"fwci":5.9053,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96247136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7562000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7376999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.6535000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.3716000020503998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7562000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7376999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.6535000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777480716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23582796","display_name":"Resource consumption","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-025-05503-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1262066532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23H03377","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2191852514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJFS2107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414200020.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414200020.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2614658590","https://openalex.org/W2746553616","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2756368700","https://openalex.org/W2793610021","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2807979099","https://openalex.org/W2811205501","https://openalex.org/W2873380356","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2943253406","https://openalex.org/W2945941711","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2989652713","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3035976252","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3119533029","https://openalex.org/W3129494963","https://openalex.org/W3133614974","https://openalex.org/W3160304466","https://openalex.org/W3192585564","https://openalex.org/W3206329751","https://openalex.org/W3211063384","https://openalex.org/W3213673405","https://openalex.org/W4213199576","https://openalex.org/W4220925261","https://openalex.org/W4226290720","https://openalex.org/W4311285712","https://openalex.org/W4311903551","https://openalex.org/W4312451568","https://openalex.org/W4322731163","https://openalex.org/W4378588840","https://openalex.org/W4382998566","https://openalex.org/W4383954922","https://openalex.org/W4386132050","https://openalex.org/W4386328428","https://openalex.org/W4386930030","https://openalex.org/W4388990988","https://openalex.org/W4391956143","https://openalex.org/W4393102236","https://openalex.org/W4396855959"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,21,35,103],"IoT":[4,28,37],"with":[5,115],"blockchain":[6,144],"technology":[7],"enhances":[8],"security":[9],"and":[10,23,45,62,74,90,124,129,137],"privacy":[11],"through":[12],"decentralized,":[13],"trust-based":[14],"systems,":[15],"addressing":[16],"challenges":[17],"like":[18],"single":[19],"points":[20],"failure":[22],"limited":[24],"scalability":[25],"in":[26,167],"traditional":[27],"architectures.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31],"evaluates":[32],"the":[33,79,85,100,111],"performance":[34],"Ethereum-based":[36],"systems":[38],"using":[39],"resource-constrained":[40,168],"devices":[41],"(Raspberry":[42],"Pi":[43,47],"4":[44],"Raspberry":[46],"3)":[48],"on":[49,156],"a":[50],"private":[51],"blockchain.":[52],"Performance":[53],"metrics,":[54],"including":[55],"CPU,":[56],"memory,":[57],"disk":[58],"usage,":[59],"power":[60,130],"consumption,":[61,114],"latency,":[63],"were":[64],"analyzed":[65],"across":[66],"three":[67],"consensus":[68,165],"mechanisms:":[69],"Proof-of-Work":[70],"(PoW),":[71],"Proof-of-Authority":[72],"(PoA),":[73],"Proof-of-Stake":[75],"(PoS).":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"blockchain\u2019s":[80],"latency":[81,88,92,96],"performance,":[82],"we":[83,146],"introduced":[84],"metrics":[86],"Transaction-oriented":[87],"(ToL)":[89],"Block-oriented":[91],"(BoL)":[93],"to":[94,122,127,142],"characterize":[95],"under":[97,151],"PoS,":[98,128],"capturing":[99],"distinctive":[101],"dynamics":[102],"PoS.":[104,140],"Our":[105],"findings":[106,159],"show":[107],"that":[108],"PoA":[109],"achieves":[110],"lowest":[112],"resource":[113],"CPU":[116],"usage":[117],"reduced":[118],"by":[119,133],"98%":[120],"compared":[121,126],"PoW":[123,136],"20%":[125],"consumption":[131],"decreased":[132],"50%":[134],"from":[135,139],"14%":[138],"Further,":[141],"assess":[143],"scalability,":[145],"varied":[147],"transaction":[148],"transmission":[149],"rates":[150],"PoA,":[152],"identifying":[153],"its":[154],"impact":[155],"performance.":[157],"These":[158],"provide":[160],"practical":[161],"guidance":[162],"for":[163],"optimizing":[164],"mechanisms":[166],"IoT-blockchain":[169],"systems.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
