{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400619092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","title":"A quantitative analysis of the security of PoW-based blockchains","display_name":"A quantitative analysis of the security of PoW-based blockchains","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400619092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000873824","display_name":"Maher Alharby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maher Alharby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008588569","display_name":"Ali Alssaiari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5085-9863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alssaiari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Science and Arts at Sharoura, Najran University, Sharoura, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Science and Arts at Sharoura, Najran University, Sharoura, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011336613","display_name":"Saad Alateef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3219-0833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Alateef","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010768909","display_name":"Nigel Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072969450","display_name":"Aad van Moorsel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-6943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aad van Moorsel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000873824","https://openalex.org/A5008588569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662","https://openalex.org/I47164929"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"fwci":9.672,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97941275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"10","first_page":"14113","last_page":"14130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9222999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9056000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8359562158584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6888189315795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5562708377838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5524982213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5207067131996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4934171736240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.4718111753463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45593661069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.44158199429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08344167470932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08061626553535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07085588574409485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8359562158584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6888189315795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5562708377838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5524982213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5207067131996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4934171736240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.4718111753463745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45593661069869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.44158199429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08344167470932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08061626553535461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07085588574409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10586-024-04645-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106148199","display_name":"Cluster Computing","issn_l":"1386-7857","issn":["1386-7857","1573-7543"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cluster Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321161","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400619092.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501020965","https://openalex.org/W2000903122","https://openalex.org/W2026371818","https://openalex.org/W2075144441","https://openalex.org/W2168263126","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2604909604","https://openalex.org/W2620904645","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W2918245750","https://openalex.org/W2954344998","https://openalex.org/W2981337706","https://openalex.org/W2981750966","https://openalex.org/W3001603089","https://openalex.org/W3016687266","https://openalex.org/W3023088469","https://openalex.org/W3034866227","https://openalex.org/W3046558256","https://openalex.org/W3091614728","https://openalex.org/W3104143767","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3163118083","https://openalex.org/W3197765392","https://openalex.org/W3201385205","https://openalex.org/W4210827858","https://openalex.org/W4281762100","https://openalex.org/W4295113565","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4309770047","https://openalex.org/W4312337074","https://openalex.org/W4362498840","https://openalex.org/W4376479252","https://openalex.org/W4389671122","https://openalex.org/W4391341912","https://openalex.org/W4392237572","https://openalex.org/W4395028299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4297726362","https://openalex.org/W4362501973","https://openalex.org/W2981481350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"analyzes":[3],"the":[4,13,18,36,42,60,66,82,89,106,115,127,134,144,148,154,168,173,176,181,186,191,201,207,217],"security":[5,32,55,108,130],"implications":[6],"of":[7,20,38,47,85,129,136,161,175,184,188,193],"Proof-of-Work":[8,86],"blockchains":[9,87],"with":[10],"respect":[11],"to":[12,80,125,131,166,172,215],"stale":[14,26,194],"block":[15,22,27,49,151,158,195,204,218],"rate":[16,28],"and":[17,73,77,102,118,139,153],"lack":[19],"a":[21,30,48,75],"verification":[23,50,219],"process.":[24,220],"The":[25,45,94],"is":[29],"crucial":[31],"metric":[33],"that":[34],"quantifies":[35],"proportion":[37],"rejected":[39],"blocks":[40],"in":[41,104,150,203],"blockchain":[43,99,111],"network.":[44,67],"absence":[46],"process":[51],"represents":[52],"another":[53],"critical":[54],"concern,":[56],"as":[57,197,199],"it":[58],"permits":[59],"potential":[61],"for":[62,110,157],"invalid":[63],"transactions":[64],"within":[65],"In":[68],"this":[69],"article,":[70],"we":[71],"propose":[72],"implement":[74],"quantitative":[76],"analytical":[78],"model":[79,96],"capture":[81],"primary":[83],"operations":[84],"utilizing":[88],"Performance":[90],"Evaluation":[91],"Process":[92],"Algebra.":[93],"proposed":[95],"can":[97],"assist":[98],"designers,":[100],"architects,":[101],"analysts":[103],"achieving":[105],"ideal":[107],"level":[109],"systems":[112],"by":[113,179,210],"determining":[114],"proper":[116],"network":[117],"consensus":[119],"settings.":[120],"We":[121,170],"conduct":[122],"extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"determine":[126],"sensitivity":[128],"four":[132],"aspects:":[133],"number":[135,187],"active":[137],"miners":[138,189,212],"their":[140],"mining":[141],"hash":[142],"rates,":[143],"duration":[145],"between":[146],"blocks,":[147],"latency":[149],"propagation,":[152],"time":[155],"required":[156],"verification,":[159],"all":[160],"which":[162],"have":[163],"been":[164],"shown":[165],"influence":[167],"outcomes.":[169],"contribute":[171],"findings":[174],"existing":[177],"research":[178],"conducting":[180],"first":[182],"analysis":[183],"how":[185,200],"affects":[190],"frequency":[192],"results,":[196],"well":[198],"delay":[202],"propagation":[205],"influences":[206],"incentives":[208],"received":[209],"rational":[211],"who":[213],"choose":[214],"avoid":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}