{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153395274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","title":"Machine translation systems and quality assessment: a systematic review","display_name":"Machine translation systems and quality assessment: a systematic review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153395274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","mag":"3153395274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083459830","display_name":"Irene Rivera-Trigueros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4877-4083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irene Rivera-Trigueros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Translation and Interpreting, Universidad de Granada, C/Buensuceso, 11, 18002, Granada, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translation and Interpreting, Universidad de Granada, C/Buensuceso, 11, 18002, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083459830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.7547,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":212,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99439106,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"593","last_page":"619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.9761999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.80201655626297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.765519917011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7594176530838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.626777172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5523949265480042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5507182478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5503494143486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5149989128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4492652118206024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4394308924674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.42094963788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3328389823436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.06716024875640869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.80201655626297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.765519917011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7594176530838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.626777172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5523949265480042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5507182478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5503494143486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5149989128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4492652118206024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4394308924674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42094963788986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3328389823436737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.06716024875640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/68448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10481/68448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400567","display_name":"Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","host_organization_name":"Universidad de Granada","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-021-09537-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1282039646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-093348-B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2631452109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(ERDF)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903082165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-093348-B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5912305319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-093348-B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298273575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7915841213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FPU17/00667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8181105605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153395274.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3153395274.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119998590","https://openalex.org/W566945405","https://openalex.org/W652095014","https://openalex.org/W1482044060","https://openalex.org/W1489409710","https://openalex.org/W1513462981","https://openalex.org/W1529616844","https://openalex.org/W1553828747","https://openalex.org/W1603508585","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1820007071","https://openalex.org/W1916559533","https://openalex.org/W1973905246","https://openalex.org/W1982895372","https://openalex.org/W2006585276","https://openalex.org/W2016364797","https://openalex.org/W2067404301","https://openalex.org/W2078861931","https://openalex.org/W2098842082","https://openalex.org/W2099000703","https://openalex.org/W2100877102","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2123301721","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2150824314","https://openalex.org/W2159099746","https://openalex.org/W2242412319","https://openalex.org/W2251337505","https://openalex.org/W2251413766","https://openalex.org/W2251994258","https://openalex.org/W2260677151","https://openalex.org/W2406749233","https://openalex.org/W2463396630","https://openalex.org/W2483435056","https://openalex.org/W2573119710","https://openalex.org/W2624521690","https://openalex.org/W2883141851","https://openalex.org/W2883386157","https://openalex.org/W2884074763","https://openalex.org/W2889541653","https://openalex.org/W2890819326","https://openalex.org/W2913936659","https://openalex.org/W2925182038","https://openalex.org/W2963641561","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2973065121","https://openalex.org/W2984679666","https://openalex.org/W2989585417","https://openalex.org/W2990147021","https://openalex.org/W3084827186","https://openalex.org/W3198132408","https://openalex.org/W3211848854","https://openalex.org/W4214671568","https://openalex.org/W4235612656","https://openalex.org/W4238198545","https://openalex.org/W4300009529","https://openalex.org/W6640246588","https://openalex.org/W6651702389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2775554247","https://openalex.org/W2110168585","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2250213760","https://openalex.org/W4386247111","https://openalex.org/W4327642362","https://openalex.org/W2587014613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Nowadays,":[1],"in":[2,6,35,58,81,128,147],"the":[3,28,94,110,118,133,144,148,155,162,180,194,209],"globalised":[4],"context":[5],"which":[7,105],"we":[8],"find":[9],"ourselves,":[10],"language":[11,135],"barriers":[12],"can":[13],"still":[14],"be":[15],"an":[16,201],"obstacle":[17],"to":[18,26,49,52,83,99],"accessing":[19],"information.":[20],"On":[21],"occasions,":[22],"it":[23],"is":[24,61,115,143],"impossible":[25],"satisfy":[27],"demand":[29],"for":[30,204],"translation":[31,123,175],"by":[32,122],"relying":[33],"only":[34,177],"human":[36],"translators,":[37],"therefore,":[38],"tools":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"Machine":[42],"Translation":[43],"(MT)":[44],"are":[45,68,88],"gaining":[46],"popularity":[47],"due":[48],"their":[50,92],"potential":[51],"overcome":[53],"this":[54,59,71],"problem.":[55],"Consequently,":[56],"research":[57],"field":[60],"constantly":[62],"growing":[63],"and":[64,104,126,176,199,207],"new":[65],"MT":[66,86,142,150,212],"paradigms":[67],"emerging.":[69],"In":[70],"paper,":[72],"a":[73,191],"systematic":[74],"literature":[75,120],"review":[76],"has":[77],"been":[78],"carried":[79],"out":[80],"order":[82],"identify":[84],"what":[85],"systems":[87,108],"currently":[89],"most":[90,156,160],"employed,":[91],"architecture,":[93],"quality":[95],"assessment":[96],"procedures":[97],"applied":[98],"determine":[100],"how":[101],"they":[102],"work,":[103],"of":[106,161,168,179,186,193,211],"these":[107,183],"offer":[109],"best":[111],"results.":[112],"The":[113],"study":[114],"focused":[116],"on":[117],"specialised":[119],"produced":[121],"experts,":[124],"linguists,":[125],"specialists":[127],"related":[129],"fields":[130],"that":[131,140],"include":[132],"English\u2013Spanish":[134],"combination.":[136],"Research":[137],"findings":[138],"show":[139],"neural":[141],"predominant":[145],"paradigm":[146],"current":[149],"scenario,":[151],"being":[152],"Google":[153],"Translator":[154],"used":[157,165],"system.":[158],"Moreover,":[159],"analysed":[163],"works":[164,181,195],"one":[166],"type":[167],"evaluation\u2014either":[169],"automatic":[170],"or":[171],"human\u2014to":[172],"assess":[173],"machine":[174],"22%":[178],"combined":[182],"two":[184],"types":[185],"evaluation.":[187],"However,":[188],"more":[189],"than":[190],"half":[192],"included":[196],"error":[197],"classification":[198],"analysis,":[200],"essential":[202],"aspect":[203],"identifying":[205],"flaws":[206],"improving":[208],"performance":[210],"systems.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}