{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899435955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","title":"A pragmatic guide to geoparsing evaluation","display_name":"A pragmatic guide to geoparsing evaluation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899435955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","mag":"2899435955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017419164","display_name":"Milan Gritta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0014-7275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Milan Gritta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","Univ. of Cambridge"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091017313","display_name":"Mohammad Taher Pilehvar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3694-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Taher Pilehvar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","Univ. of Cambridge"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073413742","display_name":"Nigel Collier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7230-4164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Collier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","Univ. of Cambridge"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technology Lab (LTL), Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (DTAL), University of Cambridge, 9 West Road, Cambridge, CB3 9DP UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017419164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4445,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"3","first_page":"683","last_page":"712"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8185864686965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geocoding","display_name":"Geocoding","score":0.647814929485321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.630634069442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48090505599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.480885773897171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toponymy","display_name":"Toponymy","score":0.466656893491745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.4360443353652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4085272252559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40648046135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39892154932022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1416071653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.0849686861038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08493661880493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.07849493622779846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8185864686965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.647814929485321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.630634069442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48090505599975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.480885773897171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116856471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485762","display_name":"Toponymy","level":2,"score":0.466656893491745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.4360443353652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4085272252559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40648046135902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39892154932022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1416071653366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.0849686861038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08493661880493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.07849493622779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":10,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1810.12368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12368","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.12368","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2899435955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.12368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/296755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/296755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/308852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/308852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/310459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/310459","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.12368","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.12368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.43798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.43798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.55940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.55940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.57553","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.57553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10579-019-09475-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306424877","display_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","issn_l":"1574-020X","issn":["1574-020X","1574-0218"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1407410226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1649558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2663634960","display_name":"PheneBank: automatic extraction and validation of a database of human phenotype-disease associations in the scientific literature","funder_award_id":"MR/M025160/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5094827420","display_name":"SIPHS: Semantic interpretation of personal health messages for generating public health summaries","funder_award_id":"EP/M005089/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5319214869","display_name":"Centre for Doctoral Training for Data, Risk and Environmental Analytical Methods (DREAM)","funder_award_id":"NE/M009009/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7009347466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/M025160/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7718721289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M005089/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8805188095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1649558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899435955.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899435955.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":107,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8550301","https://openalex.org/W11298561","https://openalex.org/W60563271","https://openalex.org/W142543598","https://openalex.org/W172861654","https://openalex.org/W178774507","https://openalex.org/W343508842","https://openalex.org/W772778685","https://openalex.org/W797920393","https://openalex.org/W815044466","https://openalex.org/W1043240238","https://openalex.org/W1520352740","https://openalex.org/W1550157126","https://openalex.org/W1569954977","https://openalex.org/W1572948005","https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1980800232","https://openalex.org/W1989785251","https://openalex.org/W2000618564","https://openalex.org/W2003094793","https://openalex.org/W2004347286","https://openalex.org/W2010685979","https://openalex.org/W2026429670","https://openalex.org/W2033673704","https://openalex.org/W2053379943","https://openalex.org/W2056576456","https://openalex.org/W2095606380","https://openalex.org/W2097682512","https://openalex.org/W2103949044","https://openalex.org/W2117297260","https://openalex.org/W2120844411","https://openalex.org/W2121211192","https://openalex.org/W2123294561","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2130677180","https://openalex.org/W2137435333","https://openalex.org/W2141835599","https://openalex.org/W2142889507","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2152229249","https://openalex.org/W2162407175","https://openalex.org/W2165442870","https://openalex.org/W2167277498","https://openalex.org/W2167687441","https://openalex.org/W2217161861","https://openalex.org/W2226371358","https://openalex.org/W2236405165","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250756694","https://openalex.org/W2251329024","https://openalex.org/W2251333278","https://openalex.org/W2251896305","https://openalex.org/W2296221269","https://openalex.org/W2296291818","https://openalex.org/W2407338347","https://openalex.org/W2414283705","https://openalex.org/W2496957283","https://openalex.org/W2515960978","https://openalex.org/W2537432667","https://openalex.org/W2553881254","https://openalex.org/W2593537191","https://openalex.org/W2593929528","https://openalex.org/W2606810873","https://openalex.org/W2611178177","https://openalex.org/W2612301670","https://openalex.org/W2739808635","https://openalex.org/W2755127771","https://openalex.org/W2760079801","https://openalex.org/W2765241966","https://openalex.org/W2765563228","https://openalex.org/W2768960873","https://openalex.org/W2778502130","https://openalex.org/W2787498306","https://openalex.org/W2788931857","https://openalex.org/W2789750555","https://openalex.org/W2794351647","https://openalex.org/W2797973119","https://openalex.org/W2798839675","https://openalex.org/W2798935874","https://openalex.org/W2799089834","https://openalex.org/W2857028992","https://openalex.org/W2891732163","https://openalex.org/W2915429162","https://openalex.org/W2951243568","https://openalex.org/W2952087486","https://openalex.org/W2952984539","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963186636","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963532971","https://openalex.org/W2963641259","https://openalex.org/W2966222491","https://openalex.org/W2966743582","https://openalex.org/W4205848394","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6602515118","https://openalex.org/W6607269496","https://openalex.org/W6634489030","https://openalex.org/W6651369691","https://openalex.org/W6684264789","https://openalex.org/W6748667285","https://openalex.org/W6750797520","https://openalex.org/W6764213599","https://openalex.org/W6792210918","https://openalex.org/W6980985163","https://openalex.org/W7019365860","https://openalex.org/W7052510521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561860492","https://openalex.org/W2494546154","https://openalex.org/W2555377650","https://openalex.org/W2250988285","https://openalex.org/W3209072383","https://openalex.org/W3137048958","https://openalex.org/W2558489691","https://openalex.org/W3023960840","https://openalex.org/W3012004234","https://openalex.org/W2887901985","https://openalex.org/W3185824387","https://openalex.org/W2906610097","https://openalex.org/W2016790246","https://openalex.org/W2787481916","https://openalex.org/W122475380","https://openalex.org/W2293419139","https://openalex.org/W2910550908","https://openalex.org/W2734120508","https://openalex.org/W3162506348","https://openalex.org/W2756652941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Empirical":[1],"methods":[2],"in":[3,79],"geoparsing":[4],"have":[5],"thus":[6],"far":[7],"lacked":[8],"a":[9,51,56,76,92,106,120],"standard":[10],"evaluation":[11,108],"framework":[12,78],"describing":[13],"the":[14,36,41],"task,":[15],"metrics":[16,54],"and":[17,55,67,103,129,141,152],"data":[18],"used":[19],"to":[20,125,138],"compare":[21],"state-of-the-art":[22],"systems.":[23],"Evaluation":[24,116],"is":[25,147],"further":[26],"made":[27],"inconsistent,":[28],"even":[29],"unrepresentative":[30],"of":[31,38,44,53,96,133],"real":[32],"world":[33],"usage":[34],"by":[35],"lack":[37],"distinction":[39],"between":[40],"different":[42],"types":[43],"toponyms":[45],",":[46],"which":[47],"necessitates":[48],"new":[49,77,121],"guidelines,":[50],"consolidation":[52],"detailed":[57],"toponym":[58],"taxonomy":[59],"with":[60],"implications":[61],"for":[62,105,111,150],"Named":[63],"Entity":[64],"Recognition":[65],"(NER)":[66],"beyond.":[68],"To":[69],"address":[70],"these":[71],"deficiencies,":[72],"our":[73,134],"manuscript":[74],"introduces":[75],"three":[80],"parts.":[81],"(Part":[82,99,114],"1)":[83],"Task":[84],"Definition:":[85],"clarified":[86],"via":[87,119],"corpus":[88],"linguistic":[89],"analysis":[90],"proposing":[91],"fine-grained":[93,139],"Pragmatic":[94],"Taxonomy":[95],"Toponyms":[97],".":[98],"2)":[100],"Metrics:":[101],"discussed":[102],"reviewed":[104],"rigorous":[107],"including":[109],"recommendations":[110],"NER/Geoparsing":[112],"practitioners.":[113],"3)":[115],"data:":[117],"shared":[118],"dataset":[122,146],"called":[123],"GeoWebNews":[124],"provide":[126],"test/train":[127],"examples":[128],"enable":[130],"immediate":[131],"use":[132],"contributions.":[135],"In":[136],"addition":[137],"Geotagging":[140],"Toponym":[142],"Resolution":[143],"(Geocoding),":[144],"this":[145],"also":[148],"suitable":[149],"prototyping":[151],"evaluating":[153],"machine":[154],"learning":[155],"NLP":[156],"models.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}