{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414315326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","title":"Harnessing large language models for virtual reality exploration testing: a case study","display_name":"Harnessing large language models for virtual reality exploration testing: a case study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414315326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177399","display_name":"Automated Software Engineering","issn_l":"0928-8910","issn":["0928-8910","1573-7535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115860964","display_name":"Zhenyu Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059011220","display_name":"Haotang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101435312","display_name":"Hao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-6525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kebin Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kebin Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035606153","display_name":"Sen He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-8976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102859251","display_name":"Xue Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-1527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xue Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102859251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.6846,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85490299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.41119998693466187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150303390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1983852","display_name":"Virtual actor","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2766999900341034}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177399","display_name":"Automated Software Engineering","issn_l":"0928-8910","issn":["0928-8910","1573-7535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10515-025-00535-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177399","display_name":"Automated Software Engineering","issn_l":"0928-8910","issn":["0928-8910","1573-7535"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414315326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414315326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W768240477","https://openalex.org/W2008730425","https://openalex.org/W2063587308","https://openalex.org/W2125727046","https://openalex.org/W2138203286","https://openalex.org/W2140862642","https://openalex.org/W2144720632","https://openalex.org/W2145169631","https://openalex.org/W2149095485","https://openalex.org/W2155343350","https://openalex.org/W2162762921","https://openalex.org/W2168758749","https://openalex.org/W2248732794","https://openalex.org/W2491262463","https://openalex.org/W2608014122","https://openalex.org/W2736279869","https://openalex.org/W2941075015","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W3048516901","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3100314869","https://openalex.org/W3133372421","https://openalex.org/W3139160683","https://openalex.org/W3171516518","https://openalex.org/W4292621664","https://openalex.org/W4306824019","https://openalex.org/W4307494192","https://openalex.org/W4308627446","https://openalex.org/W4312233641","https://openalex.org/W4312312588","https://openalex.org/W4312690238","https://openalex.org/W4313563761","https://openalex.org/W4322502179","https://openalex.org/W4384154362","https://openalex.org/W4384345667","https://openalex.org/W4388115464","https://openalex.org/W4388483659","https://openalex.org/W4389518686","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4391579699","https://openalex.org/W4394769323","https://openalex.org/W4394769538","https://openalex.org/W4396833734","https://openalex.org/W4399695837","https://openalex.org/W4402349579","https://openalex.org/W4402660140","https://openalex.org/W4403333982","https://openalex.org/W4403334432","https://openalex.org/W4403648157"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"the":[2,8,41,58,93,128,142,145,154,164,199],"Virtual":[3],"Reality":[4],"(VR)":[5],"industry":[6],"expands,":[7],"need":[9],"for":[10,65],"automated":[11],"GUI":[12],"testing":[13],"is":[14],"growing":[15],"rapidly.":[16],"Large":[17],"Language":[18],"Models":[19],"(LLMs),":[20],"capable":[21,177],"of":[22,43,60,67,95,144,156,167,178],"retaining":[23],"information":[24],"long-term":[25],"and":[26,30,86,139,181,203],"analyzing":[27],"both":[28],"visual":[29],"textual":[31],"data,":[32],"are":[33,136,176],"emerging":[34],"as":[35,208],"a":[36,53,119],"potential":[37,206],"key":[38],"to":[39,56,101,152,197],"deciphering":[40],"complexities":[42],"VR\u2019s":[44],"evolving":[45],"user":[46],"interfaces.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,76,192,204],"conduct":[52],"case":[54],"study":[55,105,172],"investigate":[57],"capability":[59],"using":[61],"LLMs,":[62],"particularly":[63],"GPT-4o,":[64],"field":[66],"view":[68],"(FOV)":[69],"analysis":[70],"in":[71,84,160,184],"VR":[72,185],"exploration":[73],"testing.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"validate":[77],"that":[78,87,108,127,131,174,194],"LLMs":[79,109,175,195],"can":[80,90,110,148],"identify":[81],"test":[82,96,201],"entities":[83,159],"FOVs":[85,162],"prompt":[88],"engineering":[89],"effectively":[91,132],"enhance":[92],"accuracy":[94,121,155],"entity":[97,135],"identification":[98],"from":[99],"$$\\varvec{41.67\\%}$$":[100],"$$\\varvec{71.30\\%}$$":[102],".":[103,169],"Our":[104],"also":[106],"shows":[107],"accurately":[111],"describe":[112],"identified":[113,200],"entities\u2019":[114],"features":[115,130,147],"with":[116,163,186],"at":[117],"least":[118],"$$\\varvec{90\\%}$$":[120],"rate.":[122],"We":[123],"further":[124],"find":[125,193],"out":[126],"core":[129],"represent":[133],"an":[134],"color,":[137],"placement,":[138],"shape.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"combination":[143],"three":[146],"especially":[149],"be":[150],"used":[151],"improve":[153],"determining":[157],"identical":[158],"multiple":[161],"highest":[165],"F1-score":[166],"$$\\varvec{0.70}$$":[168],"Additionally,":[170],"our":[171],"demonstrates":[173],"scene":[179],"recognition":[180],"spatial":[182],"understanding":[183],"precisely":[187],"designed":[188],"structured":[189],"prompts.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"fail":[196],"label":[198],"entities,":[202],"discuss":[205],"solutions":[207],"future":[209],"research":[210],"directions.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-09-19T00:00:00"}