{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407929467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","title":"Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment","display_name":"Topic classification of case law using a large language model and a new taxonomy for UK law: AI insights into summary judgment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407929467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080083973","display_name":"Holli Sargeant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Holli Sargeant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-7789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047700663","display_name":"Ahmed Izzidien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-8064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Izzidien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077301528","display_name":"Felix Steffek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-5981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Steffek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","University of Notre Dame Law School, South Bend, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame Law School, South Bend, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080083973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":42.2331,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99708916,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"443","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9532999992370605,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-aspects-of-computing","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","score":0.7953109741210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.7049914598464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-law","display_name":"Philosophy of law","score":0.6948336958885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-law","display_name":"Common law","score":0.4909711182117462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.4746930003166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42362427711486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4226270318031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41024070978164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39391839504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.38098835945129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"Comparative law","score":0.33949393033981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.19520753622055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1233823299407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12230011820793152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.7953109741210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7049914598464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126842","display_name":"Philosophy of law","level":3,"score":0.6948336958885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170706310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30216","display_name":"Common law","level":2,"score":0.4909711182117462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4746930003166199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42362427711486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4226270318031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41024070978164673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39391839504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.38098835945129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149209484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741338","display_name":"Comparative law","level":2,"score":0.33949393033981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.19520753622055054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1233823299407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12230011820793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.17863/cam.116090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/403342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/403342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-025-09434-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319997","display_name":"Nuffield Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0281jqk77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407929467.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989896487","https://openalex.org/W2081835828","https://openalex.org/W2147711261","https://openalex.org/W2487546884","https://openalex.org/W2942662451","https://openalex.org/W2964328740","https://openalex.org/W3107398523","https://openalex.org/W3164690975","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3200230513","https://openalex.org/W4221167166","https://openalex.org/W4226185553","https://openalex.org/W4226267509","https://openalex.org/W4231615859","https://openalex.org/W4256487336","https://openalex.org/W4281570797","https://openalex.org/W4294307300","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4309766258","https://openalex.org/W4310007441","https://openalex.org/W4311978792","https://openalex.org/W4321649710","https://openalex.org/W4385573087","https://openalex.org/W4386991208","https://openalex.org/W4387074708","https://openalex.org/W4387905768","https://openalex.org/W4388210488","https://openalex.org/W4389519963","https://openalex.org/W4389520497","https://openalex.org/W4389565699","https://openalex.org/W4390573468","https://openalex.org/W4391092830","https://openalex.org/W4391420739","https://openalex.org/W4391709172","https://openalex.org/W4392090222","https://openalex.org/W4392729429","https://openalex.org/W4393739747","https://openalex.org/W4394730685","https://openalex.org/W4399401573","https://openalex.org/W4399803256","https://openalex.org/W4401042980","https://openalex.org/W4402672080","https://openalex.org/W4403112947","https://openalex.org/W4404780828","https://openalex.org/W4404780928","https://openalex.org/W6600912178","https://openalex.org/W6604285789","https://openalex.org/W6831968489"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981013049","https://openalex.org/W2080633635","https://openalex.org/W2065068111","https://openalex.org/W2753556841","https://openalex.org/W1606005905","https://openalex.org/W2035625271","https://openalex.org/W1543938940","https://openalex.org/W2187027340","https://openalex.org/W2593502815","https://openalex.org/W2592397438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2,135],"addresses":[3],"a":[4,14,29,101,137,152],"critical":[5],"gap":[6],"in":[7,24,77,90,130,160],"legal":[8,85,131,168],"analytics":[9],"by":[10],"developing":[11],"and":[12,49,66,127,139,157,166],"applying":[13],"novel":[15],"taxonomy":[16,141],"for":[17,142,154],"topic":[18,60,102],"classification":[19],"of":[20,32,64,70,80,112,116,124,147,163],"summary":[21,33,81,117],"judgment":[22,34],"cases":[23],"the":[25,38,59,78,91,105,113,122,161],"United":[26,92],"Kingdom.":[27],"Using":[28],"curated":[30],"dataset":[31],"cases,":[35],"we":[36],"use":[37],"Large":[39],"Language":[40],"Model":[41],"Claude":[42,54],"3":[43,55],"Opus":[44,56],"to":[45],"explore":[46],"functional":[47],"topics":[48],"trends.":[50],"We":[51],"find":[52],"that":[53],"correctly":[57],"classified":[58],"with":[61,98],"an":[62,67],"accuracy":[63],"87.13%":[65],"F1":[68],"score":[69],"0.87.":[71],"The":[72,145],"analysis":[73],"reveals":[74],"distinct":[75],"patterns":[76],"application":[79],"judgments":[82,118],"across":[83],"various":[84],"domains.":[86],"As":[87],"case":[88],"law":[89],"Kingdom":[93],"is":[94],"not":[95,107],"originally":[96],"labelled":[97],"keywords":[99],"or":[100],"filtering":[103],"option,":[104],"findings":[106],"only":[108],"refine":[109],"our":[110],"understanding":[111],"thematic":[114],"underpinnings":[115],"but":[119],"also":[120],"illustrate":[121],"potential":[123],"combining":[125],"traditional":[126],"AI-driven":[128],"approaches":[129],"classification.":[132],"Therefore,":[133],"this":[134,148],"provides":[136],"new":[138],"general":[140],"UK":[143],"law.":[144],"implications":[146],"work":[149],"serve":[150],"as":[151],"foundation":[153],"further":[155],"research":[156,169],"policy":[158],"discussions":[159],"field":[162],"judicial":[164],"administration":[165],"computational":[167],"methodologies.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
