{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404217615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","title":"A case study for automated attribute extraction from legal documents using large language models","display_name":"A case study for automated attribute extraction from legal documents using large language models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404217615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071207531","display_name":"Subinay Adhikary","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127439422","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata","ror":"https://ror.org/00djv2c17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subinay Adhikary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000569823","display_name":"Procheta Sen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-5462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Procheta Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool (UOL), Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3814-5462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool (UOL), Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000936680","display_name":"Dwaipayan Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5962-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127439422","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata","ror":"https://ror.org/00djv2c17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dwaipayan Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082286441","display_name":"Kripabandhu Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8130-1221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127439422","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata","ror":"https://ror.org/00djv2c17","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kripabandhu Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127439422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000569823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":4.1083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94720221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"245","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-aspects-of-computing","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","score":0.627260684967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6182635426521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5604894757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-law","display_name":"Philosophy of law","score":0.5587584972381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5169196128845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4168919324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4050729274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3321961760520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.31189581751823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2935761511325836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23370927572250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1862104833126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-law","display_name":"Comparative law","score":0.09343567490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07575005292892456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.627260684967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6182635426521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5604894757270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162040827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126842","display_name":"Philosophy of law","level":3,"score":0.5587584972381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5169196128845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4168919324874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4050729274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3321961760520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.31189581751823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2935761511325836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23370927572250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1862104833126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149209484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741338","display_name":"Comparative law","level":2,"score":0.09343567490577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07575005292892456}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-024-09425-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325536","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404217615.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W903044527","https://openalex.org/W1870211331","https://openalex.org/W1973948817","https://openalex.org/W2004384146","https://openalex.org/W2042188227","https://openalex.org/W2396888487","https://openalex.org/W2767665050","https://openalex.org/W2897549266","https://openalex.org/W2946015932","https://openalex.org/W2963039614","https://openalex.org/W2994033896","https://openalex.org/W3023209463","https://openalex.org/W3110537742","https://openalex.org/W3116365291","https://openalex.org/W3123954886","https://openalex.org/W3176443840","https://openalex.org/W3184563164","https://openalex.org/W3187391786","https://openalex.org/W3199761064","https://openalex.org/W4246858749","https://openalex.org/W4294622174","https://openalex.org/W4295857769","https://openalex.org/W4362571053","https://openalex.org/W4363678768","https://openalex.org/W4386507114","https://openalex.org/W4386964301","https://openalex.org/W4389524510","https://openalex.org/W4401042394","https://openalex.org/W4404784041","https://openalex.org/W6600109629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3122213275","https://openalex.org/W1981013049","https://openalex.org/W2080633635","https://openalex.org/W2065068111","https://openalex.org/W2753556841","https://openalex.org/W1606005905","https://openalex.org/W2368651715","https://openalex.org/W2187027340","https://openalex.org/W2938644490","https://openalex.org/W2337751453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"escalating":[2],"number":[3],"of":[4,29,56,65,76,93,109],"pending":[5],"cases":[6],"is":[7],"a":[8,33,42,63,85,94],"growing":[9],"concern":[10],"worldwide.":[11],"Recent":[12],"advancements":[13],"in":[14,26,113],"digitization":[15],"have":[16],"opened":[17],"up":[18],"possibilities":[19],"for":[20,36,68],"leveraging":[21],"artificial":[22],"intelligence":[23],"(AI)":[24],"tools":[25],"the":[27,54,74,91,107,110],"processing":[28,51],"legal":[30,37,82,118,122],"documents.":[31],"Adopting":[32],"structured":[34],"representation":[35],"documents,":[38],"as":[39,117],"opposed":[40],"to":[41],"mere":[43],"bag-of-words":[44],"flat":[45],"text":[46],"representation,":[47],"can":[48],"significantly":[49],"enhance":[50,73],"capabilities.":[52],"With":[53],"aim":[55],"achieving":[57],"this":[58],"objective,":[59],"we":[60,89,105],"put":[61],"forward":[62],"set":[64],"diverse":[66],"attributes":[67,80,112],"criminal":[69],"case":[70],"proceedings.":[71],"To":[72],"effectiveness":[75],"automatically":[77],"extracting":[78],"these":[79],"from":[81],"documents":[83],"within":[84],"sequence":[86],"labeling":[87],"framework,":[88],"propose":[90],"utilization":[92],"few-shot":[95],"learning":[96],"approach":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99],"Large":[100],"Language":[101],"Models":[102],"(LLMs).":[103],"Moreover,":[104],"demonstrate":[106],"efficacy":[108],"extracted":[111],"downstream":[114],"tasks,":[115],"such":[116],"judgment":[119],"prediction":[120,124],"and":[121],"statute":[123],".":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
