{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169486584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","title":"Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms","display_name":"Definitions of intent suitable for algorithms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169486584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","mag":"3169486584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050862524","display_name":"Hal Ashton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-9127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hal Ashton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1780-9127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050862524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.8197,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8557631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"3","first_page":"515","last_page":"546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culpability","display_name":"Culpability","score":0.8170228004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mens-rea","display_name":"Mens rea","score":0.7413859367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aside","display_name":"Aside","score":0.6705975532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.6404074430465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.5661555528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5588092803955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47346583008766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.437777042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4349686801433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.41719865798950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-law","display_name":"Criminal law","score":0.38164079189300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.26761263608932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14717066287994385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779990267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365664","display_name":"Culpability","level":2,"score":0.8170228004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152588399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048403","display_name":"Mens rea","level":3,"score":0.7413859367370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778120072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858150","display_name":"Aside","level":2,"score":0.6705975532531738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.6404074430465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.5661555528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5588092803955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47346583008766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.437777042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4349686801433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.41719865798950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.38164079189300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.26761263608932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14717066287994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10153279","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10153279/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Artificial Intelligence and Law       (2022)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-022-09322-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321112","display_name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321979","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169486584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3169486584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193659172","https://openalex.org/W747664697","https://openalex.org/W834415300","https://openalex.org/W1498432697","https://openalex.org/W1577139107","https://openalex.org/W1624823515","https://openalex.org/W1965834934","https://openalex.org/W1999874108","https://openalex.org/W2005757596","https://openalex.org/W2009234414","https://openalex.org/W2012512624","https://openalex.org/W2022240709","https://openalex.org/W2025419287","https://openalex.org/W2073302931","https://openalex.org/W2094170417","https://openalex.org/W2148526016","https://openalex.org/W2164672532","https://openalex.org/W2342236001","https://openalex.org/W2431139695","https://openalex.org/W2477779179","https://openalex.org/W2490272146","https://openalex.org/W2505101549","https://openalex.org/W2529684611","https://openalex.org/W2614529739","https://openalex.org/W2796757264","https://openalex.org/W2884501187","https://openalex.org/W2907298821","https://openalex.org/W2947535898","https://openalex.org/W2948478361","https://openalex.org/W2957102370","https://openalex.org/W3097048761","https://openalex.org/W3124181213","https://openalex.org/W3124445691","https://openalex.org/W3125180445","https://openalex.org/W3212193146","https://openalex.org/W4235771768","https://openalex.org/W4239038941","https://openalex.org/W4240576595","https://openalex.org/W4241055216","https://openalex.org/W4242305547","https://openalex.org/W4246671941","https://openalex.org/W4248341380","https://openalex.org/W4248428069","https://openalex.org/W4248759744","https://openalex.org/W4289389788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902880483","https://openalex.org/W2512029496","https://openalex.org/W4252173286","https://openalex.org/W2530426871","https://openalex.org/W3033758856","https://openalex.org/W1514728755","https://openalex.org/W2049238847","https://openalex.org/W2170860328","https://openalex.org/W3208616062","https://openalex.org/W1847034458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,144],"article":[2],"introduces":[3],"definitions":[4,27],"for":[5,20,149,156,172],"direct,":[6],"means-end,":[7],"oblique":[8],"(or":[9],"indirect)":[10],"and":[11,90,162],"ulterior":[12],"intent":[13,21,29,216],"which":[14],"can":[15,105,135],"be":[16,106,124,138,209],"used":[17],"to":[18,79,88,114,127],"test":[19],"in":[22,94,129,203,218],"an":[23],"algorithmic":[24,103],"actor.":[25,76],"These":[26],"of":[28,62,74,100,120,152,170,191,199],"are":[30],"informed":[31],"by":[32],"legal":[33],"theory":[34],"from":[35,183],"common":[36],"law":[37,131],"jurisdictions.":[38],"Certain":[39],"crimes":[40,82,188,207],"exist":[41],"where":[42,205],"the":[43,49,56,63,68,75,86,95,150,153,168,215,219],"harm":[44],"caused":[45],"is":[46,65,83,146,178],"dependent":[47,66,84],"on":[48,67,85,213],"reason":[50],"it":[51],"was":[52],"done":[53,142],"so.":[54],"Here":[55],"actus":[57],"reus":[58],"or":[59,71,155,193,221],"performative":[60],"element":[61],"crime":[64],"mental":[69],"state":[70],"mens":[72,176],"rea":[73,177],"The":[77,158],"ability":[78,87],"prosecute":[80],"these":[81,206],"identify":[89],"diagnose":[91],"intentional":[92],"states":[93],"accused.":[96],"A":[97],"certain":[98,130],"class":[99],"auto":[101],"didactic":[102],"actor":[104],"given":[107],"broad":[108],"objectives":[109],"without":[110],"being":[111],"told":[112,125],"how":[113],"meet":[115],"them.":[116],"Without":[117],"a":[118],"definition":[119],"intent,":[121],"they":[122,136],"cannot":[123],"not":[126],"engage":[128],"breaking":[132],"behaviour":[133],"nor":[134],"ever":[137],"identified":[139],"as":[140],"having":[141],"it.":[143],"ambiguity":[145],"neither":[147],"positive":[148],"owner":[151],"algorithm":[154,220],"society.":[157],"problem":[159],"exists":[160],"over":[161],"above":[163],"more":[164],"familiar":[165],"debates":[166],"concerning":[167],"eligibility":[169],"algorithms":[171],"culpability":[173],"judgements":[174],"that":[175],"usually":[179],"associated":[180],"with.":[181],"Aside":[182],"inchoate":[184],"offences,":[185],"many":[186],"economic":[187],"with":[189],"elements":[190],"fraud":[192],"deceit":[194],"fall":[195],"into":[196],"this":[197],"category":[198],"crime.":[200],"Algorithms":[201],"operate":[202],"areas":[204],"could":[208],"plausibly":[210],"undertaken":[211],"depending":[212],"whether":[214],"existed":[217],"not.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-17T08:19:37.847499","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}