{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096448729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","title":"Lawmaps: enabling legal AI development through visualisation of the implicit structure of legislation and lawyerly process","display_name":"Lawmaps: enabling legal AI development through visualisation of the implicit structure of legislation and lawyerly process","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096448729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","mag":"3096448729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029065903","display_name":"Scott McLachlan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2528-8050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799858192","display_name":"London School of Business and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1n1798","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott McLachlan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","Health Informatics and Knowledge\nEngineering Research Group (HiKER) https://sites.massey.ac.nz/hikergroup/about/","Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2528-8050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Informatics and Knowledge\nEngineering Research Group (HiKER) https://sites.massey.ac.nz/hikergroup/about/","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009391751","display_name":"Evangelia Kyrimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-2279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799858192","display_name":"London School of Business and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1n1798","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelia Kyrimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081972264","display_name":"Kudakwashe Dube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-8481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51158804","display_name":"Massey University","ror":"https://ror.org/052czxv31","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kudakwashe Dube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Informatics and Knowledge\nEngineering Research Group (HiKER) https://sites.massey.ac.nz/hikergroup/about/","School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Informatics and Knowledge\nEngineering Research Group (HiKER) https://sites.massey.ac.nz/hikergroup/about/","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51158804"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069178881","display_name":"Norman Fenton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-0510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799858192","display_name":"London School of Business and Management","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1n1798","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Fenton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Information Management Group, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072122592","display_name":"Lisa Webley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa C. Webley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029065903"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I2799858192","https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":5.0252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94975319,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"169","last_page":"194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9521999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.794732391834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6663106083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5700148344039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5426360964775085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4732968211174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4252201318740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4230808913707733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42205536365509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.32997700572013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3249397873878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.27613621950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26643314957618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22156739234924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17844191193580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16867685317993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13597899675369263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.794732391834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6663106083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5700148344039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5426360964775085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4732968211174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4252201318740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4230808913707733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42205536365509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.32997700572013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3249397873878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.27613621950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26643314957618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22156739234924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17844191193580627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16867685317993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13597899675369263}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:16233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/39469f94-3e03-49ba-9624-0fb4b09c6150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/39469f94-3e03-49ba-9624-0fb4b09c6150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mclachlan, S, Kyrimi, E, Dube, K, Fenton, N & Webley, L C 2022, 'Lawmaps: enabling legal AI development through visualisation of the implicit structure of legislation and lawyerly process', Artificial Intelligence and Law. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/39469f94-3e03-49ba-9624-0fb4b09c6150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://birmingham.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/39469f94-3e03-49ba-9624-0fb4b09c6150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mclachlan , S , Kyrimi , E , Dube , K , Fenton , N & Webley , L C 2022 , ' Lawmaps: enabling legal AI development through visualisation of the implicit structure of legislation and lawyerly process ' , Artificial Intelligence and Law . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09298-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1756153252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P009964/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3539992316","display_name":"PAMBAYESIAN: PAtient Managed decision-support using Bayesian networks","funder_award_id":"EP/P009964/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3990944471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"106158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","funder_display_name":"Innovate UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096448729.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3096448729.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83562287","https://openalex.org/W135169145","https://openalex.org/W809572257","https://openalex.org/W827215431","https://openalex.org/W1492752441","https://openalex.org/W1527525914","https://openalex.org/W1532695833","https://openalex.org/W1568778262","https://openalex.org/W1582556228","https://openalex.org/W2011749266","https://openalex.org/W2034640569","https://openalex.org/W2051657684","https://openalex.org/W2115860093","https://openalex.org/W2153909792","https://openalex.org/W2166290551","https://openalex.org/W2263806212","https://openalex.org/W2268934610","https://openalex.org/W2293620324","https://openalex.org/W2623120686","https://openalex.org/W2736489246","https://openalex.org/W2752286137","https://openalex.org/W2921243787","https://openalex.org/W2921258242","https://openalex.org/W2941568957","https://openalex.org/W2944734343","https://openalex.org/W2949512007","https://openalex.org/W2967707981","https://openalex.org/W3006999964","https://openalex.org/W3009740326","https://openalex.org/W3039266594","https://openalex.org/W3041025564","https://openalex.org/W3048422354","https://openalex.org/W3096410249","https://openalex.org/W3107668265","https://openalex.org/W3123070901","https://openalex.org/W3163427066","https://openalex.org/W3199938161","https://openalex.org/W4211033154","https://openalex.org/W4255535868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703","https://openalex.org/W41015297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Modelling":[1,88],"that":[2,12],"exploits":[3],"visual":[4,57,106],"elements":[5],"and":[6,18,25,35,45,48,52,59,70,96,101,124,137,140,170],"information":[7,60],"visualisation":[8,61],"are":[9],"important":[10],"areas":[11],"have":[13],"contributed":[14],"immensely":[15],"to":[16,63,91,104,168],"understanding":[17],"the":[19,30,33,41,53,85,94,99,102,113,133,138,145,151],"computerisation":[20],"advancements":[21],"in":[22,50],"many":[23],"domains":[24],"yet":[26],"remain":[27],"unexplored":[28],"for":[29,76,132],"benefit":[31],"of":[32,43,66,84,98,115,130,135,144,153,157,161,172,175],"law":[34,54,103],"legal":[36,67,77,176],"practice.":[37],"This":[38,148],"paper":[39,80,149],"investigates":[40],"challenge":[42],"modelling":[44,58],"expressing":[46],"structures":[47],"processes":[49],"legislation":[51,100,167],"by":[55,126],"using":[56],"(InfoVis)":[62],"assist":[64],"accessibility":[65],"knowledge,":[68],"practice":[69,134],"knowledge":[71],"formalisation":[72],"as":[73],"a":[74,82,128,154],"basis":[75,114],"AI.":[78,177],"The":[79],"uses":[81],"subset":[83],"well-defined":[86],"Unified":[87],"Language":[89],"(UML)":[90],"visually":[92],"express":[93],"structure":[95],"process":[97],"create":[105],"flow":[107],"diagrams":[108],"called":[109],"lawmaps,":[110],"which":[111],"form":[112],"further":[116],"formalisation.":[117],"A":[118],"lawmap":[119],"development":[120,174],"methodology":[121],"is":[122,150],"presented":[123],"evaluated":[125],"creating":[127],"set":[129],"lawmaps":[131],"conveyancing":[136],"Landlords":[139],"Tenants":[141],"Act":[142],"1954":[143],"United":[146],"Kingdom.":[147],"first":[152],"new":[155],"breed":[156],"preliminary":[158],"solutions":[159],"capable":[160,171],"application":[162],"across":[163],"all":[164],"aspects,":[165],"from":[166],"practice;":[169],"accelerating":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
