{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3160760366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","title":"Detecting and explaining unfairness in consumer contracts through memory networks","display_name":"Detecting and explaining unfairness in consumer contracts through memory networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3160760366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","mag":"3160760366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058272366","display_name":"Federico Ruggeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Ruggeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISI, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISI, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078176771","display_name":"Francesca Lagioia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7083-3487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Lagioia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Law Department, European, CIRSFID-AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Law Department, European, CIRSFID-AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062424045","display_name":"Marco Lippi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9663-1071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Lippi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISMI, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISMI, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080634543","display_name":"Paolo Torroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9253-8638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Torroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISI, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISI, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058272366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":18.4228,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99014104,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7219111323356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.718757688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5693670511245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5569995045661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49134770035743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.45461851358413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-aspects-of-computing","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","score":0.42396730184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.16297614574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15486636757850647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7219111323356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.718757688999176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5693670511245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5569995045661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49134770035743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45461851358413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.42396730184555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.16297614574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15486636757850647}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/74833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/74833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196422","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/820171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/820171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1356534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1356534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1277728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1277728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-021-09288-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3726402898","display_name":"Computable  Law","funder_award_id":"833647","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4140855681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5163439141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7065403361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"833647","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7498298436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"825619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8051717526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160760366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3160760366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13682356","https://openalex.org/W68293321","https://openalex.org/W98872522","https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W580074167","https://openalex.org/W1594444402","https://openalex.org/W1806891645","https://openalex.org/W1968067123","https://openalex.org/W1977155386","https://openalex.org/W1979432867","https://openalex.org/W2063112000","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2089334447","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2096434649","https://openalex.org/W2126209950","https://openalex.org/W2154770372","https://openalex.org/W2204302769","https://openalex.org/W2267186426","https://openalex.org/W2285624661","https://openalex.org/W2293453011","https://openalex.org/W2296268288","https://openalex.org/W2296734373","https://openalex.org/W2400680200","https://openalex.org/W2500141359","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2536769020","https://openalex.org/W2557074642","https://openalex.org/W2573660794","https://openalex.org/W2592064971","https://openalex.org/W2594690992","https://openalex.org/W2621152625","https://openalex.org/W2644877912","https://openalex.org/W2734994265","https://openalex.org/W2741271950","https://openalex.org/W2744486576","https://openalex.org/W2788810909","https://openalex.org/W2798838283","https://openalex.org/W2807873315","https://openalex.org/W2889002152","https://openalex.org/W2890961898","https://openalex.org/W2895908878","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899579542","https://openalex.org/W2901232344","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2907688724","https://openalex.org/W2922856433","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2951125449","https://openalex.org/W2953356739","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963168371","https://openalex.org/W2963344337","https://openalex.org/W2963359213","https://openalex.org/W2963440143","https://openalex.org/W2963448850","https://openalex.org/W2963687836","https://openalex.org/W2963804400","https://openalex.org/W2964210218","https://openalex.org/W2966584111","https://openalex.org/W2969361771","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2985900875","https://openalex.org/W2995957922","https://openalex.org/W3004091100","https://openalex.org/W3004350744","https://openalex.org/W3037566932","https://openalex.org/W3037881859","https://openalex.org/W3099877573","https://openalex.org/W3101778449","https://openalex.org/W3103764297","https://openalex.org/W3121759935","https://openalex.org/W3124892530","https://openalex.org/W3125203539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787993192","https://openalex.org/W2158269427","https://openalex.org/W2275805942","https://openalex.org/W4381280689","https://openalex.org/W3033859939","https://openalex.org/W2847365777","https://openalex.org/W2355048207","https://openalex.org/W1268395106","https://openalex.org/W3126051647","https://openalex.org/W2961085424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"work":[2],"has":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"how":[5],"data-driven":[6,25],"AI":[7],"methods":[8],"can":[9,41],"leverage":[10],"consumer":[11],"protection":[12],"by":[13,44],"supporting":[14],"the":[15,66,81],"automated":[16],"analysis":[17],"of":[18,24,38,54,68,94],"legal":[19,47],"documents.":[20],"However,":[21],"a":[22,62],"shortcoming":[23],"approaches":[26],"is":[27],"poor":[28],"explainability.":[29],"We":[30,49],"posit":[31],"that":[32,74],"in":[33,65],"this":[34],"domain":[35],"useful":[36],"explanations":[37,93],"classifier":[39,97],"outcomes":[40],"be":[42],"provided":[43],"resorting":[45],"to":[46,79,88],"rationales.":[48],"thus":[50],"consider":[51],"several":[52],"configurations":[53],"memory-augmented":[55],"neural":[56],"networks":[57],"where":[58],"rationales":[59,75],"are":[60,85],"given":[61],"special":[63],"role":[64],"modeling":[67],"context":[69],"knowledge.":[70],"Our":[71],"results":[72],"show":[73],"not":[76],"only":[77],"contribute":[78],"improve":[80],"classification":[82],"accuracy,":[83],"but":[84],"also":[86],"able":[87],"offer":[89],"meaningful,":[90],"natural":[91],"language":[92],"otherwise":[95],"opaque":[96],"outcomes.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2021-05-24T00:00:00"}
