{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003690291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","title":"Modeling law search as prediction","display_name":"Modeling law search as prediction","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003690291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","mag":"3003690291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052541465","display_name":"Faraz Dadgostari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2965-2470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faraz Dadgostari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020845064","display_name":"Mauricio Guim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187481652","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/029md1766","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187481652"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio Guim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico (ITAM), Mexico City, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187481652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056670558","display_name":"Peter A. Beling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-6982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Beling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032068112","display_name":"Michael A. Livermore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-1173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Livermore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-1173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072455364","display_name":"Daniel N. Rockmore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5411-9224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel N. Rockmore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5411-9224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052541465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":24.2502,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99317578,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12755","display_name":"Legal Education and Practice Innovations","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7281285524368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5808331966400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.574495255947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5289100408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5197684168815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-search","display_name":"Semantic search","score":0.4939025044441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.4608328938484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14457279443740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.11036691069602966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7281285524368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5808331966400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.574495255947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5289100408554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5197684168815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166423231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1891170","display_name":"Semantic search","level":3,"score":0.4939025044441223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4608328938484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14457279443740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.11036691069602966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10506-020-09261-5.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96609033","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","issn_l":"0924-8463","issn":["0924-8463","1572-8382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3003690291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3003690291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85821518","https://openalex.org/W135169145","https://openalex.org/W328258705","https://openalex.org/W1483523766","https://openalex.org/W1501957312","https://openalex.org/W1526674435","https://openalex.org/W1531512873","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1542166550","https://openalex.org/W1560337332","https://openalex.org/W1608412409","https://openalex.org/W1835866219","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1963911880","https://openalex.org/W1968181674","https://openalex.org/W1972724889","https://openalex.org/W1985697096","https://openalex.org/W1994129711","https://openalex.org/W1996542704","https://openalex.org/W1996716987","https://openalex.org/W2005556282","https://openalex.org/W2005949547","https://openalex.org/W2012576504","https://openalex.org/W2016826192","https://openalex.org/W2035902442","https://openalex.org/W2044797883","https://openalex.org/W2063773487","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2081128516","https://openalex.org/W2083605078","https://openalex.org/W2096871511","https://openalex.org/W2096974619","https://openalex.org/W2099183456","https://openalex.org/W2100641970","https://openalex.org/W2103793663","https://openalex.org/W2122165510","https://openalex.org/W2123190560","https://openalex.org/W2128925311","https://openalex.org/W2138150506","https://openalex.org/W2144211451","https://openalex.org/W2144874182","https://openalex.org/W2149230623","https://openalex.org/W2149684865","https://openalex.org/W2153505326","https://openalex.org/W2153804780","https://openalex.org/W2174706414","https://openalex.org/W2226373706","https://openalex.org/W2325963284","https://openalex.org/W2334779492","https://openalex.org/W2341234495","https://openalex.org/W2598116818","https://openalex.org/W2605721893","https://openalex.org/W2766214425","https://openalex.org/W2790538688","https://openalex.org/W2795587260","https://openalex.org/W2796592586","https://openalex.org/W2883751425","https://openalex.org/W2983396602","https://openalex.org/W3099640513","https://openalex.org/W3122427042","https://openalex.org/W3123638427","https://openalex.org/W3124294306","https://openalex.org/W3126011102","https://openalex.org/W3126033249","https://openalex.org/W4235023594","https://openalex.org/W4238784158","https://openalex.org/W4247973987","https://openalex.org/W4302085608","https://openalex.org/W4391967463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W2087343574","https://openalex.org/W2121910908"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Law":[1],"search":[2,45,65,73,76,86,115,162,172,203],"is":[3,11,80,144,158],"fundamental":[4],"to":[5,22,145,159,204],"legal":[6,24,61],"reasoning":[7,25],"and":[8,15,40,67,107,133,193],"its":[9,153],"articulation":[10],"an":[12],"important":[13],"challenge":[14],"open":[16],"problem":[17],"in":[18,99,149],"the":[19,38,60,72,89,114,126,147,161,179,183,198],"ongoing":[20],"efforts":[21],"investigate":[23],"as":[26,46,63],"a":[27,33,47,57,64,69,92,123,150,175],"formal":[28],"process.":[29,50,116],"This":[30],"Article":[31],"formulates":[32],"mathematical":[34],"model":[35,52,58,70,177,181],"that":[36,79,83,189],"frames":[37],"behavioral":[39],"cognitive":[41],"framework":[42],"of":[43,59,71,91,96,113,125,128,210],"law":[44,202],"sequential":[48],"decision":[49],"The":[51,85,142,156],"has":[53,88],"two":[54,138],"components:":[55],"first,":[56],"corpus":[62,127],"space":[66,87],"second,":[68],"process":[74],"(or":[75],"strategy":[77],")":[78],"compatible":[81],"with":[82,178],"environment.":[84],"structure":[90,95],"\u201cmulti-network\u201d\u2014an":[93],"interleaved":[94],"distinct":[97],"networks\u2014developed":[98],"earlier":[100],"work.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103],"Article,":[104],"we":[105],"develop":[106],"formally":[108],"describe":[109],"three":[110],"related":[111],"models":[112,121,173],"We":[117],"then":[118],"implement":[119],"these":[120],"on":[122],"subset":[124],"U.S.":[129],"Supreme":[130],"Court":[131],"opinions":[132],"assess":[134],"their":[135],"performance":[136],"against":[137],"benchmark":[139],"prediction":[140],"tasks.":[141],"first":[143],"predict":[146,160],"citations":[148],"document":[151],"from":[152],"semantic":[154],"content.":[155],"second":[157],"results":[163,187],"generated":[164],"by":[165],"human":[166,206],"users.":[167],"For":[168],"both":[169],"benchmarks,":[170],"all":[171],"outperform":[174],"null":[176],"learning-based":[180],"outperforming":[182],"other":[184],"approaches.":[185],"Our":[186],"indicate":[188],"through":[190],"additional":[191],"work":[192],"refinement,":[194],"there":[195],"may":[196],"be":[197],"potential":[199],"for":[200],"machine":[201],"achieve":[205],"or":[207],"near-human":[208],"levels":[209],"performance.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
