{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127291719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","title":"Video violence detection using pre-trained VGG19 combined with manual logic, LSTM layers and Bi-LSTM layers","display_name":"Video violence detection using pre-trained VGG19 combined with manual logic, LSTM layers and Bi-LSTM layers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127291719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092936732","display_name":"Pablo Negre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8372-7572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","display_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/0553yr311","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116615","display_name":"Universidad Internacional De La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/029gnnp81","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Negre","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8372-7572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615","https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088508377","display_name":"Ricardo S. Alonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-0186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","display_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/0553yr311","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113112","display_name":"Technological Institute of Castilla y Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3b0g09","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116615","display_name":"Universidad Internacional De La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/029gnnp81","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123620","display_name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/02s8dab97","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123620"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo S. Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["AIR Institute, Paseo de Belen 9A, Valladolid, 47011, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6599-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AIR Institute, Paseo de Belen 9A, Valladolid, 47011, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113112","https://openalex.org/I4210123620"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615","https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124911796","display_name":"Javier Prieto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184999862","display_name":"Universidad de Salamanca","ror":"https://ror.org/02f40zc51","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Prieto","raw_affiliation_strings":["BISITE Research Group, Universidad de Salamanca, Patio de Escuelas, 1, Salamanca, 37008, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8175-2201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BISITE Research Group, Universidad de Salamanca, Patio de Escuelas, 1, Salamanca, 37008, Castilla y Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184999862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124940372","display_name":"Oscar Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168974976","display_name":"Universidad de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/0553yr311","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168974976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116615","display_name":"Universidad Internacional De La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/029gnnp81","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIR (International University of La Rioja), Av. de la Paz, 137, Logro\u00f1o, 37008, La Rioja, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116615","https://openalex.org/I168974976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092936732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168974976","https://openalex.org/I4210116615"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":32.4097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98781682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.6707000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.6707000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.14880000054836273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.022099999710917473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.864300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8014000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.3635999858379364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.864300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8014000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-026-07122-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5728639960289001,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4108230744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101120726","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317360","display_name":"Universidad Internacional de La Rioja","ror":"https://ror.org/029gnnp81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127291719.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7127291719.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952703253","https://openalex.org/W1969914528","https://openalex.org/W2885650385","https://openalex.org/W3011398234","https://openalex.org/W3027979861","https://openalex.org/W3035372852","https://openalex.org/W3036001641","https://openalex.org/W3037225231","https://openalex.org/W3042365319","https://openalex.org/W3112555387","https://openalex.org/W3129388356","https://openalex.org/W3134670382","https://openalex.org/W3154248589","https://openalex.org/W3159218535","https://openalex.org/W3160587007","https://openalex.org/W3177083627","https://openalex.org/W3181894699","https://openalex.org/W3200555825","https://openalex.org/W3203160579","https://openalex.org/W4200492343","https://openalex.org/W4210271965","https://openalex.org/W4214931752","https://openalex.org/W4220685517","https://openalex.org/W4225575586","https://openalex.org/W4229001174","https://openalex.org/W4280501288","https://openalex.org/W4285101228","https://openalex.org/W4311104044","https://openalex.org/W4312542362","https://openalex.org/W4313056590","https://openalex.org/W4379053950","https://openalex.org/W4391558035","https://openalex.org/W4393955512","https://openalex.org/W4398151949","https://openalex.org/W4399895956","https://openalex.org/W4401558503","https://openalex.org/W4406857599","https://openalex.org/W4409795980","https://openalex.org/W4411688118","https://openalex.org/W4411745352","https://openalex.org/W4413124362","https://openalex.org/W4413743308","https://openalex.org/W4416862145"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Video":[1],"violence":[2,48,59,221],"detection":[3,49],"using":[4,115],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,43,52,116,122],"key":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,155,168,195],"public":[12],"safety":[13],"applications.":[14],"Although":[15],"convolutional":[16],"and":[17,79,82,88,94,135,193],"recurrent":[18],"neural":[19],"networks":[20],"are":[21,101,160],"widely":[22,105],"adopted":[23],"for":[24,219],"this":[25,179],"task,":[26],"the":[27,72,84,213],"actual":[28],"contribution":[29],"of":[30,46,74,86,147,216],"temporal":[31,69,205,217],"modeling":[32,218],"over":[33,151],"strong":[34],"frame-level":[35,113],"representations":[36],"remains":[37],"insufficiently":[38],"analyzed.":[39],"This":[40],"work":[41],"provides":[42],"systematic":[44],"study":[45,180],"video":[47],"models":[50,154],"under":[51],"unified":[53],"experimental":[54],"framework.":[55],"We":[56],"investigate":[57],"whether":[58],"can":[60,143,201],"be":[61],"reliably":[62],"detected":[63],"from":[64],"individual":[65],"frames":[66],"without":[67],"explicit":[68],"modeling,":[70],"evaluate":[71],"effectiveness":[73],"combining":[75],"CNNs":[76],"with":[77,121],"LSTM":[78,153],"Bi-LSTM":[80,141],"layers,":[81],"analyze":[83],"impact":[85],"architectural":[87,184],"hyperparameter":[89,169],"choices,":[90],"including":[91],"neuron":[92],"configuration":[93],"backbone":[95],"selection":[96],"(VGG-16":[97],"vs.":[98],"VGG-19).":[99],"Experiments":[100],"conducted":[102],"on":[103,132,137],"three":[104],"used":[106],"benchmark":[107],"datasets.":[108],"Our":[109],"results":[110,192],"show":[111],"that":[112,182],"analysis":[114],"pre-trained":[117],"VGG-19":[118],"network,":[119],"combined":[120],"simple":[123,198],"aggregation":[124],"strategy,":[125],"achieves":[126],"competitive":[127],"performance,":[128],"reaching":[129],"95%":[130],"accuracy":[131],"Hockey":[133],"Fights":[134],"96%":[136],"Violent":[138],"Flow.":[139],"While":[140],"layers":[142],"provide":[144,209],"moderate":[145],"improvements":[146],"up":[148],"to":[149,175],"4%":[150],"standard":[152],"certain":[156],"datasets,":[157],"these":[158],"gains":[159],"not":[161,172,187],"consistent":[162],"across":[163],"all":[164],"scenarios.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"variations":[167],"configurations":[170],"do":[171],"systematically":[173],"lead":[174],"improved":[176],"performance.":[177],"Overall,":[178],"highlights":[181],"increased":[183],"complexity":[185],"does":[186],"always":[188],"translate":[189],"into":[190,212],"better":[191],"that,":[194],"several":[196],"cases,":[197],"frame-based":[199],"approaches":[200],"rival":[202],"more":[203],"complex":[204],"models.":[206],"These":[207],"findings":[208],"practical":[210],"insights":[211],"cost\u2013benefit":[214],"trade-off":[215],"video-based":[220],"detection.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
