{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415322128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","title":"A visual design-based intervention model for reducing mind wandering in online learning","display_name":"A visual design-based intervention model for reducing mind wandering in online learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415322128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115604658","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5052-0571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053232480","display_name":"Masitah Ghazali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5720-175X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masitah Ghazali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011143586","display_name":"Nur Zuraifah Syazrah Othman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-8695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Zuraifah Syazrah Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115604658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.5411,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84276849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"16","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13353","display_name":"Flow Experience in Various Fields","score":0.949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupillary-response","display_name":"Pupillary response","score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.3472000062465668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7361999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.46239998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7260673","display_name":"Pupillary response","level":3,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126139899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818236","display_name":"Attentional control","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778750949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156763","display_name":"Visual literacy","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203094294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6035951","display_name":"Online research methods","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06943-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415322128.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415322128.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001835739","https://openalex.org/W2002872343","https://openalex.org/W2079852074","https://openalex.org/W2081498279","https://openalex.org/W2110706322","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2137070227","https://openalex.org/W2148126625","https://openalex.org/W2152905082","https://openalex.org/W2582336476","https://openalex.org/W2758350851","https://openalex.org/W2809025162","https://openalex.org/W2852648327","https://openalex.org/W3091265023","https://openalex.org/W3135231331","https://openalex.org/W3161128708","https://openalex.org/W3179437006","https://openalex.org/W3192070964","https://openalex.org/W3208645186","https://openalex.org/W3212696968","https://openalex.org/W4223459842","https://openalex.org/W4282943820","https://openalex.org/W4292665524","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4303832950","https://openalex.org/W4321063792","https://openalex.org/W4366774944","https://openalex.org/W4377002160","https://openalex.org/W4383506526","https://openalex.org/W4387194179","https://openalex.org/W4390581218","https://openalex.org/W4392712924","https://openalex.org/W4394599087","https://openalex.org/W4399932489","https://openalex.org/W4399932666","https://openalex.org/W4400917627","https://openalex.org/W4401035970","https://openalex.org/W4403151262"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mind":[0],"wandering":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,28,211],"widespread":[4],"issue":[5],"in":[6,126,143,153,166,206],"online":[7,217],"learning":[8,95,218],"environments,":[9],"often":[10],"triggered":[11],"by":[12,59,198],"the":[13,79,87,200],"lack":[14],"of":[15,81,202],"real-time":[16,60,90],"supervision":[17],"and":[18,43,57,67,92,97,106,116,130,136,139,159,176,179,188,196,209,231],"interactive":[19],"engagement.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"this":[23,25],"challenge,":[24],"study":[26,191],"proposes":[27],"visual":[29,52,83,203],"design-based":[30],"intervention":[31,88,186,214],"model":[32,48,170,226],"that":[33,120],"dynamically":[34],"adjusts":[35],"interface":[36],"elements":[37],"to":[38,63,193,236],"help":[39],"learners":[40],"maintain":[41],"attention":[42,145,207],"reduce":[44],"cognitive":[45,134],"distraction.":[46],"The":[47,169],"integrates":[49],"five":[50],"core":[51],"components\u2014color,":[53],"layout,":[54],"typography,":[55],"imagery,":[56],"animation\u2014supported":[58],"eye-tracking":[61],"data":[62,113,234],"monitor":[64],"attentional":[65],"shifts":[66],"trigger":[68],"adaptive":[69,177],"interventions.":[70],"A":[71],"three-phase":[72],"experimental":[73],"design":[74],"was":[75,150,171],"implemented:":[76],"(1)":[77],"testing":[78],"impact":[80],"individual":[82],"elements;":[84],"(2)":[85],"validating":[86,228],"model\u2019s":[89],"functionality;":[91],"(3)":[93],"evaluating":[94],"performance":[96],"user":[98],"feedback.":[99],"Quantitative":[100],"measures,":[101],"such":[102],"as":[103],"fixation":[104],"duration":[105],"pupil":[107],"diameter,":[108],"were":[109,123],"analyzed":[110],"alongside":[111],"qualitative":[112],"from":[114],"questionnaires":[115],"interviews.":[117],"Results":[118],"showed":[119],"color-based":[121],"interventions":[122],"most":[124],"effective":[125],"capturing":[127],"attention,":[128],"layout":[129],"typography":[131],"optimization":[132],"reduced":[133],"load,":[135],"animation":[137],"repetition":[138],"speed":[140],"adjustments":[141],"aided":[142],"short-term":[144],"recovery.":[146],"Although":[147],"statistical":[148],"significance":[149],"not":[151],"achieved":[152],"t-test":[154],"results,":[155],"box":[156],"plot":[157],"trends":[158],"participant":[160],"feedback":[161],"indicated":[162],"an":[163],"overall":[164],"reduction":[165],"mind":[167],"wandering.":[168],"well-received":[172],"for":[173,184,216],"its":[174],"non-intrusive":[175],"approach,":[178],"participants":[180],"offered":[181],"constructive":[182],"suggestions":[183],"improving":[185],"rhythm":[187],"personalization.":[189],"This":[190],"contributes":[192],"both":[194],"theory":[195],"practice":[197],"deepening":[199],"understanding":[201],"design\u2019s":[204],"role":[205],"regulation":[208],"providing":[210],"scalable,":[212],"user-friendly":[213],"framework":[215],"platforms.":[219],"Future":[220],"research":[221],"will":[222],"focus":[223],"on":[224],"enhancing":[225],"personalization,":[227],"long-term":[229],"effects,":[230],"expanding":[232],"multimodal":[233],"sources":[235],"improve":[237],"detection":[238],"accuracy.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T05:50:15.549392","created_date":"2025-10-19T00:00:00"}
