{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412475085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","title":"Automated machine learning for positive-unlabelled learning","display_name":"Automated machine learning for positive-unlabelled learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412475085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054584037","display_name":"Jack D. Saunders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0801-2909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jack D. Saunders","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, Kent, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087201377","display_name":"Alex A. Freitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9825-4700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex A. Freitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, Kent, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7FS, Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054584037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":5.5711,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95655484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9070766568183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.564180314540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5457529425621033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9070766568183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.564180314540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5457529425621033}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:110663","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-025-06706-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412475085.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412475085.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3310308","https://openalex.org/W1512383952","https://openalex.org/W1555481436","https://openalex.org/W1559054844","https://openalex.org/W2011174137","https://openalex.org/W2057968703","https://openalex.org/W2123958887","https://openalex.org/W2124260444","https://openalex.org/W2170283814","https://openalex.org/W2309832917","https://openalex.org/W2505849029","https://openalex.org/W2580210409","https://openalex.org/W2604766410","https://openalex.org/W2766883061","https://openalex.org/W2767250043","https://openalex.org/W2771395673","https://openalex.org/W2790468681","https://openalex.org/W2790555466","https://openalex.org/W2793350103","https://openalex.org/W2806978311","https://openalex.org/W2890988681","https://openalex.org/W2895530851","https://openalex.org/W2899867782","https://openalex.org/W2905236934","https://openalex.org/W2971117641","https://openalex.org/W2981242070","https://openalex.org/W2983598759","https://openalex.org/W2991240192","https://openalex.org/W3012665221","https://openalex.org/W3014537909","https://openalex.org/W3116385418","https://openalex.org/W3123920941","https://openalex.org/W3152889823","https://openalex.org/W4232714830","https://openalex.org/W4238746485","https://openalex.org/W4245055982","https://openalex.org/W4252003911","https://openalex.org/W4285231054","https://openalex.org/W4285805225","https://openalex.org/W4311079886","https://openalex.org/W4319043070","https://openalex.org/W4386310628","https://openalex.org/W6610151132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Positive-Unlabelled":[1],"(PU)":[2],"learning":[3,9,39,61,93,131],"is":[4,35],"a":[5,58,64,99,108],"field":[6],"of":[7,18,117,144],"machine":[8],"that":[10,52],"aims":[11],"to":[12,124,128],"learn":[13],"classifiers":[14],"from":[15],"data":[16],"consisting":[17],"labelled":[19],"positive":[20,29],"and":[21,104,127],"unlabelled":[22],"instances,":[23],"which":[24],"can":[25],"be":[26],"in":[27,151,163],"reality":[28],"or":[30],"negative,":[31],"but":[32],"whose":[33],"label":[34],"unknown.":[36],"Many":[37],"PU":[38,60,83,92,130],"methods":[40,132],"have":[41],"been":[42],"proposed":[43,169],"over":[44,154,172],"the":[45,75,118,145,155,167,173],"last":[46],"two":[47,90],"decades,":[48],"so":[49,51],"many":[50],"selecting":[53],"an":[54,114],"optimal":[55],"method":[56],"for":[57,82,166],"given":[59],"task":[62],"presents":[63],"challenge.":[65],"Our":[66],"previous":[67],"work":[68],"has":[69],"addressed":[70],"this":[71,86],"by":[72],"proposing":[73],"GA-Auto-PU,":[74],"first":[76],"Automated":[77],"Machine":[78],"Learning":[79],"(Auto-ML)":[80],"system":[81],"learning.":[84],"In":[85],"work,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"new":[91],"Auto-ML":[94,120],"systems:":[95],"BO-Auto-PU,":[96],"based":[97,106],"on":[98,107],"Bayesian":[100],"Optimisation":[101],"(BO)":[102],"approach,":[103],"EBO-Auto-PU,":[105],"novel":[109],"evolutionary/BO":[110],"approach.":[111],"We":[112],"present":[113],"extensive":[115],"evaluation":[116],"three":[119],"systems,":[121],"comparing":[122],"them":[123],"each":[125,138],"other":[126],"well-established":[129],"across":[133],"60":[134],"datasets":[135],"(20":[136],"datasets,":[137],"with":[139],"3":[140],"versions).":[141],"The":[142],"results":[143],"comparison":[146],"show":[147],"statistically":[148],"significant":[149],"improvements":[150,162],"predictive":[152],"accuracy":[153],"baseline":[156],"methods,":[157],"as":[158,160],"well":[159],"large":[161],"computational":[164],"time":[165],"newly":[168],"Auto-PU":[170,175],"systems":[171],"original":[174],"system.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
