{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391569456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","title":"Clustering-based attack detection for adversarial reinforcement learning","display_name":"Clustering-based attack detection for adversarial reinforcement learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391569456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408401","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Majadas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-7330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rub\u00e9n Majadas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, Legan\u00e9s, 28911, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3395-7330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, Legan\u00e9s, 28911, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645872","display_name":"Javier Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-5240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200284239","display_name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela","ror":"https://ror.org/030eybx10","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200284239"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Lope G\u00f3mez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, La Coru\u00f1a, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Santiago de Compostela, R\u00faa Lope G\u00f3mez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, La Coru\u00f1a, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200284239"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004703726","display_name":"Fernando Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50357001","display_name":"Universidad Carlos III de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03ths8210","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, Legan\u00e9s, 28911, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, Legan\u00e9s, 28911, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043408401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50357001"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.2042,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80676863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"3","first_page":"2631","last_page":"2647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8805347084999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7798155546188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6664770841598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6326226592063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6040034294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4828929901123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4438365399837494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39882734417915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3373067378997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.2939714789390564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8805347084999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7798155546188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6664770841598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6326226592063904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6040034294128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4828929901123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4438365399837494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39882734417915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3373067378997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.2939714789390564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-024-05275-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1585508703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-88476-C2-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327971","funder_display_name":"Repsol"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4019818054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-88476-C2-2-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307774","display_name":"JPMorgan Chase and Company","ror":"https://ror.org/01x3kkr08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327971","display_name":"Repsol","ror":"https://ror.org/028bzjj61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391569456.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983570220","https://openalex.org/W2115524942","https://openalex.org/W2535873859","https://openalex.org/W2539402368","https://openalex.org/W2605631833","https://openalex.org/W2909693411","https://openalex.org/W2941205169","https://openalex.org/W2942465044","https://openalex.org/W2962755762","https://openalex.org/W2963943581","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2997560666","https://openalex.org/W3025279871","https://openalex.org/W3094116649","https://openalex.org/W3099502074","https://openalex.org/W3159888063","https://openalex.org/W4206268729","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4285499997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W3168977894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Detecting":[1],"malicious":[2],"attacks":[3,17,52,111],"presents":[4],"a":[5,62,79,97,127,141,154,230],"major":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,75,90,181,237],"the":[9,20,38,54,58,101,113,119,133,138,168,190],"field":[10],"of":[11,40,61,100,162,192],"reinforcement":[12],"learning":[13],"(RL),":[14],"as":[15,126],"such":[16],"can":[18,87,123],"force":[19],"victim":[21],"to":[22,56,82,112,136,144,178,213],"perform":[23],"abnormal":[24],"actions,":[25],"with":[26,43],"potentially":[27],"severe":[28],"consequences.":[29],"To":[30,148,188],"mitigate":[31],"these":[32,73],"risks,":[33],"current":[34],"research":[35],"focuses":[36],"on":[37,199],"enhancement":[39],"RL":[41,70,202],"algorithms":[42],"efficient":[44],"detection":[45,103,130,194],"mechanisms,":[46],"especially":[47],"for":[48,233],"real-world":[49],"applications.":[50],"Adversarial":[51],"have":[53],"potential":[55,232],"alter":[57],"environmental":[59,182],"dynamics":[60,117,183],"Markov":[63],"Decision":[64],"Process":[65],"(MDP)":[66],"perceived":[67],"by":[68,110,185],"an":[69,145],"agent.":[71],"Leveraging":[72],"changes":[74,180],"dynamics,":[76],"we":[77,95,152,196],"propose":[78,96,153],"novel":[80,98],"approach":[81,160],"detect":[83],"attacks.":[84,187],"Our":[85,223],"contribution":[86],"be":[88,124],"summarized":[89],"two":[91,163],"main":[92],"aspects.":[93],"Firstly,":[94],"formalization":[99],"attack":[102,216],"problem":[104,122],"that":[105,226],"entails":[106],"analyzing":[107],"modifications":[108],"made":[109],"transition":[114,139,169],"and":[115,173,208,210,221],"reward":[116],"within":[118],"environment.":[120],"This":[121,159],"framed":[125],"context":[128],"change":[129],"problem,":[131,151],"where":[132,239],"goal":[134],"is":[135],"identify":[137,179],"from":[140],"\u201cfree-of-attack\u201d":[142],"situation":[143],"\u201cunder-attack\u201d":[146],"scenario.":[147],"solve":[149],"this":[150,176],"groundbreaking":[155],"\u201cmodel-free\u201d":[156],"clustering-based":[157],"countermeasure.":[158],"consists":[161],"essential":[164],"steps:":[165],"first,":[166],"partitioning":[167,177],"space":[170],"into":[171],"clusters,":[172],"then":[174],"using":[175],"caused":[184],"adversarial":[186],"assess":[189],"efficiency":[191],"our":[193,227],"method,":[195],"performed":[197],"experiments":[198],"four":[200,214],"established":[201],"domains":[203],"(grid-world,":[204],"mountain":[205],"car,":[206],"carpole,":[207],"acrobot)":[209],"subjected":[211],"them":[212],"advanced":[215],"types.":[217],"Uniform,":[218],"Strategically-timed,":[219],"Q-value,":[220],"Multi-objective.":[222],"study":[224],"proves":[225],"technique":[228],"has":[229],"high":[231],"perturbation":[234],"detection,":[235],"even":[236],"scenarios":[238],"attackers":[240],"employ":[241],"more":[242],"sophisticated":[243],"strategies.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T06:00:05.401030","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
