{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289525234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","title":"Causal heterogeneity discovery by bottom-up pattern search for personalised decision making","display_name":"Causal heterogeneity discovery by bottom-up pattern search for personalised decision making","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289525234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012177739","display_name":"Jiuyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiuyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-1878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383342","display_name":"Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2843-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2843-5738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shisheng Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shisheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001831841","display_name":"Saisai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-8332"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saisai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consilium Technology, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consilium Technology, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035846381","display_name":"Thuc Duy Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thuc Duy Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9732-4313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029442609","display_name":"Jixue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-0404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-0404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012177739"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.2452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57569575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"7","first_page":"8180","last_page":"8194"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9556999802589417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8148496150970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5963844656944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.5826359987258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.5286674499511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.527401864528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5060567259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4929025173187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4330584704875946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4272938072681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3403318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11461177468299866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8148496150970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5963844656944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.5826359987258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.5286674499511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.527401864528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5060567259788513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4929025173187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4330584704875946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4272938072681427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3403318524360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11461177468299866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:urm_publish:9916672928501831","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://find.library.unisa.edu.au/discovery/fulldisplay/alma9916672928501831/61USOUTHAUS_INST:ROR","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402528","display_name":"UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170239107","host_organization_name":"University of South Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170239107"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03860-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1776606928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP200101210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4586717447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE200100200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320979","display_name":"University of South Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/01p93h210"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289525234.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4289525234.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549565124","https://openalex.org/W1957379630","https://openalex.org/W1980957382","https://openalex.org/W2008499862","https://openalex.org/W2011087402","https://openalex.org/W2011485768","https://openalex.org/W2025309870","https://openalex.org/W2038812321","https://openalex.org/W2050335327","https://openalex.org/W2064903582","https://openalex.org/W2075200608","https://openalex.org/W2080022033","https://openalex.org/W2140899775","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2150290224","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2165190832","https://openalex.org/W2169847599","https://openalex.org/W2208550830","https://openalex.org/W2305754340","https://openalex.org/W2345126895","https://openalex.org/W2624816748","https://openalex.org/W2752305606","https://openalex.org/W2790955711","https://openalex.org/W2804685987","https://openalex.org/W2921995441","https://openalex.org/W2973857687","https://openalex.org/W3008484972","https://openalex.org/W3098060673","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W4302423442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1470425429","https://openalex.org/W4318350883","https://openalex.org/W4328134586","https://openalex.org/W4205478082","https://openalex.org/W4281385048","https://openalex.org/W4361795583","https://openalex.org/W4313001487","https://openalex.org/W4308191010","https://openalex.org/W3127425528","https://openalex.org/W2940336242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,61,127],"personalised":[2,161],"decision":[3,162],"making,":[4],"evidence":[5,20],"is":[6,14],"required":[7],"to":[8,40,71,94,149],"determine":[9],"whether":[10],"an":[11,17,59,80],"action":[12],"(treatment)":[13],"suitable":[15],"for":[16,42,58,110,160],"individual.":[18,60],"Such":[19],"can":[21],"be":[22],"obtained":[23],"by":[24,140],"modelling":[25,34],"treatment":[26,46,73,171],"effect":[27,68,74,172],"heterogeneity":[28,75,135,173],"in":[29,76,103,123,182],"subgroups.":[30],"The":[31],"existing":[32,178],"interpretable":[33,81],"methods":[35,181],"take":[36],"a":[37,66,87,108,141,145],"top-down":[38],"approach":[39],"search":[41,147],"subgroups":[43],"with":[44],"heterogeneous":[45],"effects":[47],"and":[48,55,184],"they":[49],"may":[50],"miss":[51],"the":[52,92,113,120,128,151,158,167],"most":[53,152],"specific":[54,153],"relevant":[56],"context":[57],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,85,131],"design":[65],"Treatment":[67],"pattern":[69],"(TEP)":[70],"represent":[72],"data.":[77],"To":[78],"achieve":[79],"presentation":[82],"of":[83],"TEPs,":[84],"use":[86],"local":[88,121],"causal":[89],"structure":[90,122],"around":[91],"outcome":[93],"explicitly":[95],"show":[96,165],"how":[97],"those":[98],"important":[99],"variables":[100],"are":[101],"used":[102],"modelling.":[104],"We":[105,143],"also":[106],"derive":[107],"formula":[109],"unbiasedly":[111],"estimating":[112],"Conditional":[114],"Average":[115],"Causal":[116],"Effect":[117],"(CATE)":[118],"using":[119],"our":[124],"problem":[125],"setting.":[126],"discovery":[129],"process,":[130],"aim":[132],"at":[133],"minimising":[134],"within":[136],"each":[137],"subgroup":[138],"represented":[139],"pattern.":[142],"propose":[144],"bottom-up":[146],"algorithm":[148],"discover":[150],"patterns":[154],"fitting":[155],"individual":[156],"circumstances":[157],"best":[159],"making.":[163],"Experiments":[164],"that":[166],"proposed":[168],"method":[169],"models":[170],"better":[174],"than":[175],"three":[176],"other":[177],"tree":[179],"based":[180],"synthetic":[183],"real":[185],"world":[186],"data":[187],"sets.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2022-08-03T00:00:00"}