{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281641068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9","title":"The state of the art in open domain complex question answering: a survey","display_name":"The state of the art in open domain complex question answering: a survey","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281641068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042650001","display_name":"Romina Etezadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romina Etezadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055741193","display_name":"Mehrnoush Shamsfard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-7529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehrnoush Shamsfard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-7529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055741193"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0596,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94494253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"4","first_page":"4124","last_page":"4144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.9020086526870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8637346029281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5920354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.5515239238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.5212588906288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5155258178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5155107975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.497165709733963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.48062700033187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4675444960594177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4157751500606537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/questions-and-answers","display_name":"Questions and answers","score":0.4151190519332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.406317800283432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35199207067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.17422673106193542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.9020086526870728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8637346029281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5920354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.5515239238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.5212588906288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5155258178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5155107975006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.497165709733963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.48062700033187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4675444960594177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4157751500606537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019144022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4124998","display_name":"Questions and answers","level":2,"score":0.4151190519332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.406317800283432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35199207067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.17422673106193542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03732-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W594950248","https://openalex.org/W1512387364","https://openalex.org/W1515743025","https://openalex.org/W1537441789","https://openalex.org/W1979263599","https://openalex.org/W1980095184","https://openalex.org/W2016753842","https://openalex.org/W2022166150","https://openalex.org/W2080133951","https://openalex.org/W2083935441","https://openalex.org/W2090243146","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2112639312","https://openalex.org/W2112987020","https://openalex.org/W2113786274","https://openalex.org/W2126170172","https://openalex.org/W2131876387","https://openalex.org/W2139498442","https://openalex.org/W2148721079","https://openalex.org/W2156490704","https://openalex.org/W2161002933","https://openalex.org/W2162526436","https://openalex.org/W2167665328","https://openalex.org/W2183366530","https://openalex.org/W2186845332","https://openalex.org/W2250225488","https://openalex.org/W2250533497","https://openalex.org/W2251008987","https://openalex.org/W2251079237","https://openalex.org/W2251818205","https://openalex.org/W2252231772","https://openalex.org/W2471900581","https://openalex.org/W2511149293","https://openalex.org/W2522757338","https://openalex.org/W2532938041","https://openalex.org/W2591368218","https://openalex.org/W2608309533","https://openalex.org/W2751128374","https://openalex.org/W2755637027","https://openalex.org/W2759200442","https://openalex.org/W2763039547","https://openalex.org/W2765273377","https://openalex.org/W2779474628","https://openalex.org/W2790767126","https://openalex.org/W2889344053","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2890560945","https://openalex.org/W2890961898","https://openalex.org/W2891420675","https://openalex.org/W2911204067","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2929198159","https://openalex.org/W2934025569","https://openalex.org/W2949720445","https://openalex.org/W2963357517","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963794306","https://openalex.org/W2963866616","https://openalex.org/W2963899988","https://openalex.org/W2964120615","https://openalex.org/W2964212344","https://openalex.org/W2970168256","https://openalex.org/W2970212756","https://openalex.org/W2971155257","https://openalex.org/W2980401255","https://openalex.org/W2983309655","https://openalex.org/W2992007572","https://openalex.org/W2993055513","https://openalex.org/W2997759614","https://openalex.org/W2998631105","https://openalex.org/W3000390451","https://openalex.org/W3003485993","https://openalex.org/W3008995996","https://openalex.org/W3034273250","https://openalex.org/W3034862985","https://openalex.org/W3034963999","https://openalex.org/W3035099133","https://openalex.org/W3035140194","https://openalex.org/W3035497479","https://openalex.org/W3098862418","https://openalex.org/W3100536164","https://openalex.org/W3104003456","https://openalex.org/W3121694563","https://openalex.org/W3133312306","https://openalex.org/W3173675718","https://openalex.org/W3200796517","https://openalex.org/W3209273204","https://openalex.org/W3211660723","https://openalex.org/W4312634749"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W4307481286","https://openalex.org/W4226441484","https://openalex.org/W4200327291","https://openalex.org/W4318200345","https://openalex.org/W3192083251"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}