{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282914661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","title":"Explaining deep reinforcement learning decisions in complex multiagent settings: towards enabling automation in air traffic flow management","display_name":"Explaining deep reinforcement learning decisions in complex multiagent settings: towards enabling automation in air traffic flow management","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282914661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9169601","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074141835","display_name":"Theocharis Kravaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-1349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theocharis Kravaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-1349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016045197","display_name":"Konstantinos Lentzos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Lentzos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046994612","display_name":"Georgios M. Santipantakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-6668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Santipantakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040575826","display_name":"George A. Vouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-622X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154757721","display_name":"University of Piraeus","ror":"https://ror.org/02qs84g94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George A. Vouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022699013","display_name":"Gennady Andrienko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8574-6295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gennady Andrienko","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of London, London, UK","Frauhofer Institute IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frauhofer Institute IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057538550","display_name":"Natalia Andrienko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3313-1560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Andrienko","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of London, London, UK","Frauhofer Institute IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frauhofer Institute IAIS, Sankt Augustin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084915488","display_name":"Ian Crook","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Crook","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISA Software, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISA Software, Paris, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102086582","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Cordero Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110975","display_name":"Reference Center for Research, Development and Innovation in ATM","ror":"https://ror.org/01vhjs264","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110975","https://openalex.org/I4210165463","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Manuel Cordero Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIDA, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIDA, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059608895","display_name":"Enrique Iglesias Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110975","display_name":"Reference Center for Research, Development and Innovation in ATM","ror":"https://ror.org/01vhjs264","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110975","https://openalex.org/I4210165463","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Iglesias Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIDA, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIDA, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040575826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154757721"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98376028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"4","first_page":"4063","last_page":"4098"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.863753080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8198100924491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6761792302131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6465001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.6149101257324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.5357581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4301665425300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.42183977365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.42085108160972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.38313090801239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3759908378124237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3606605529785156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.863753080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8198100924491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6761792302131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6465001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6149101257324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.5357581377029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4301665425300598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.42183977365493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.42085108160972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38313090801239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3759908378124237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3606605529785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03605-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35694685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35694685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied intelligence (Dordrecht, Netherlands)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9169601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9169601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Intell (Dordr)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/428416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/428416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:7786167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/7786167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9169601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9169601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Intell (Dordr)","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174941419","https://openalex.org/W1489916169","https://openalex.org/W1639167632","https://openalex.org/W1914657150","https://openalex.org/W1975145391","https://openalex.org/W1977031068","https://openalex.org/W1980358463","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1993047517","https://openalex.org/W1997615675","https://openalex.org/W2054129049","https://openalex.org/W2054314161","https://openalex.org/W2060726785","https://openalex.org/W2068214642","https://openalex.org/W2079568400","https://openalex.org/W2120327309","https://openalex.org/W2136398072","https://openalex.org/W2139418546","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2161170889","https://openalex.org/W2346806992","https://openalex.org/W2596585349","https://openalex.org/W2604704722","https://openalex.org/W2738491172","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2768629321","https://openalex.org/W2776831310","https://openalex.org/W2810242679","https://openalex.org/W2905552525","https://openalex.org/W2908261578","https://openalex.org/W2952472710","https://openalex.org/W2962764167","https://openalex.org/W2981038142","https://openalex.org/W2983189025","https://openalex.org/W3081898781","https://openalex.org/W3106649810","https://openalex.org/W3114823909","https://openalex.org/W3126478479","https://openalex.org/W3134758986","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W4210263542","https://openalex.org/W4210298342","https://openalex.org/W4220992118"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3074294383","https://openalex.org/W4294811414","https://openalex.org/W2364921833","https://openalex.org/W4285805438","https://openalex.org/W2302028273","https://openalex.org/W1525643724","https://openalex.org/W4206669594","https://openalex.org/W2067938758","https://openalex.org/W2036306775","https://openalex.org/W2734986277"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}