{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224109353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","title":"Explaining predictions and attacks in federated learning via random forests","display_name":"Explaining predictions and attacks in federated learning via random forests","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224109353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013643477","display_name":"Rami Haffar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0139-246X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rami Haffar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043278211","display_name":"David S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7275-7887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7275-7887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051455237","display_name":"Josep Domingo\u2010Ferrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-4962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep Domingo-Ferrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, CYBERCAT-Center for Cybersecurity Research of Catalonia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013643477"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":4.1988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94715118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":"169","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8820961713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7637576460838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7045990228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.683307409286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6479668021202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6001260876655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49870920181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.47393280267715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.42931464314460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.41544532775878906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8820961713790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7637576460838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7045990228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.683307409286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6479668021202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6001260876655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49870920181274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.47393280267715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.42931464314460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.41544532775878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03435-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1724650516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4152515563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101006879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5094886915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-101006879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6653677243","display_name":"Labs for prototyping future Mobility Data sharing cloud solutions","funder_award_id":"101006879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7744117851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274803949","display_name":"SoBigData++: European Integrated Infrastructure for Social Mining and Big Data Analytics","funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8793332513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020-101006879","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G899169222","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322121","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","ror":"https://ror.org/0371hy230"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324497","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224109353.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224109353.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1726806267","https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2118022153","https://openalex.org/W2120510885","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2552857149","https://openalex.org/W2556340658","https://openalex.org/W2591882872","https://openalex.org/W2762694293","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2907683311","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2951832089","https://openalex.org/W3001193759","https://openalex.org/W3004155269","https://openalex.org/W3006403184","https://openalex.org/W3015646845","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3016726174","https://openalex.org/W3025196045","https://openalex.org/W3042339473","https://openalex.org/W3080086631","https://openalex.org/W3080308258","https://openalex.org/W3092273386","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3110144845","https://openalex.org/W3124792046","https://openalex.org/W3176551993","https://openalex.org/W3200969281","https://openalex.org/W3205201511","https://openalex.org/W4205947740","https://openalex.org/W6602600155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W4298221930","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W4313289487","https://openalex.org/W4321636153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"is":[4,82,120,204],"used":[5],"for":[6],"various":[7],"purposes":[8],"that":[9,25,126,253,269],"are":[10,20],"critical":[11],"to":[12,46,56,63,72,83,141,147,157,165,173,186,205,230,247],"human":[13],"life.":[14],"However,":[15],"most":[16],"state-of-the-art":[17],"AI":[18,54],"algorithms":[19],"black-box":[21,112,220],"models,":[22],"which":[23,195],"means":[24,105],"humans":[26],"cannot":[27],"understand":[28],"how":[29],"such":[30,182,291],"models":[31,113,129],"make":[32],"decisions.":[33],"To":[34,177],"forestall":[35],"an":[36],"algorithm-based":[37],"authoritarian":[38],"society,":[39],"decisions":[40],"based":[41,88],"on":[42,89,102,136],"machine":[43,123],"learning":[44,80,119,124,152,264],"ought":[45],"inspire":[47],"trust":[48],"by":[49,76,104,131,191],"being":[50],"explainable":[51],".":[52],"For":[53],"explainability":[55],"be":[57,61],"practical,":[58],"it":[59,162,284],"must":[60],"feasible":[62],"obtain":[64,142],"explanations":[65],"systematically":[66],"and":[67,171,250],"automatically.":[68],"A":[69],"usual":[70],"methodology":[71],"explain":[73,287],"predictions":[74],"made":[75],"a":[77,85,90,121,132,143,166],"(black-box)":[78],"deep":[79],"model":[81,87,107,258],"build":[84],"surrogate":[86],"less":[91],"difficult,":[92],"more":[93],"understandable":[94],"decision":[95,210,225],"algorithm.":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98],"work,":[99],"we":[100,184,223],"focus":[101],"explaining":[103],"of":[106,111,134,168,181,199,212,217,234,290],"surrogates":[108,216],"the":[109,158,179,187,192,200,218,228,232,235,239,257,288,294],"(mis)behavior":[110],"trained":[114,130],"via":[115],"federated":[116,151,193,219,263],"learning.":[117],"Federated":[118],"decentralized":[122,149],"technique":[125],"aggregates":[127],"partial":[128],"set":[133],"peers":[135,255],"their":[137],"own":[138],"private":[139],"data":[140],"global":[144],"model.":[145,201,221],"Due":[146],"its":[148],"nature,":[150],"offers":[153],"some":[154],"privacy":[155,175,251],"protection":[156],"participating":[159],"peers.":[160],"Nonetheless,":[161],"remains":[163],"vulnerable":[164],"variety":[167],"security":[169,249],"attacks":[170,252,274,292],"even":[172],"sophisticated":[174],"attacks.":[176],"mitigate":[178],"effects":[180],"attacks,":[183],"turn":[185],"causes":[188],"underlying":[189],"misclassification":[190],"model,":[194],"may":[196,260],"indicate":[197],"manipulations":[198],"Our":[202],"approach":[203],"use":[206],"random":[207],"forests":[208],"containing":[209],"trees":[211,226],"restricted":[213],"depth":[214],"as":[215],"Then,":[222],"leverage":[224],"in":[227,238,262],"forest":[229],"compute":[231],"importance":[233],"features":[236],"involved":[237],"wrong":[240],"predictions.":[241],"We":[242],"have":[243],"applied":[244],"our":[245,270],"method":[246,271],"detect":[248,273],"malicious":[254],"or":[256],"manager":[259],"orchestrate":[261],"scenarios.":[265],"Empirical":[266],"results":[267],"show":[268],"can":[272,285],"with":[275],"high":[276],"accuracy":[277],"and,":[278],"unlike":[279],"other":[280],"attack":[281],"detection":[282],"mechanisms,":[283],"also":[286],"operation":[289],"at":[293],"peers\u2019":[295],"side.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}