{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163189794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","title":"Word-level human interpretable scoring mechanism for novel text detection using Tsetlin Machines","display_name":"Word-level human interpretable scoring mechanism for novel text detection using Tsetlin Machines","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163189794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","mag":"3163189794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068286560","display_name":"Bimal Bhattarai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-3621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bimal Bhattarai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-3621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071922620","display_name":"Ole\u2010Christoffer Granmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ole-Christoffer Granmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088563530","display_name":"Lei Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-6489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068286560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":2.3225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89371847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"15","first_page":"17465","last_page":"17489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.9354260563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8849029541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7008981704711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6731236577033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5934026837348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5885508060455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty-detection","display_name":"Novelty detection","score":0.5568613409996033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5212053060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3646209239959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.17504408955574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13236397504806519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.9354260563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8849029541015625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7008981704711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6731236577033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5934026837348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5885508060455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778924833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7064603","display_name":"Novelty detection","level":3,"score":0.5568613409996033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5212053060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3646209239959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.17504408955574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13236397504806519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uia.brage.unit.no:11250/3041885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3041885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"25","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10489-022-03281-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327751","display_name":"Universitetet i Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163189794.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3163189794.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1032927584","https://openalex.org/W1542258417","https://openalex.org/W1576360539","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1970088130","https://openalex.org/W1988107199","https://openalex.org/W1988833430","https://openalex.org/W2038819732","https://openalex.org/W2045638068","https://openalex.org/W2049058890","https://openalex.org/W2054090049","https://openalex.org/W2056664748","https://openalex.org/W2064988570","https://openalex.org/W2083305840","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2115627867","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2122430173","https://openalex.org/W2127883478","https://openalex.org/W2132870739","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2169279737","https://openalex.org/W2250638476","https://openalex.org/W2335259952","https://openalex.org/W2396767181","https://openalex.org/W2475167333","https://openalex.org/W2507868973","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2576792795","https://openalex.org/W2785731816","https://openalex.org/W2792059528","https://openalex.org/W2796362437","https://openalex.org/W2934842096","https://openalex.org/W2945999242","https://openalex.org/W2950768109","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962914604","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963245897","https://openalex.org/W2963307331","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963804993","https://openalex.org/W2964189064","https://openalex.org/W2967499091","https://openalex.org/W2973226110","https://openalex.org/W2974592802","https://openalex.org/W2996012579","https://openalex.org/W3024308166","https://openalex.org/W3031696893","https://openalex.org/W3034775979","https://openalex.org/W3034834827","https://openalex.org/W3045569263","https://openalex.org/W3113273345","https://openalex.org/W3119720298","https://openalex.org/W3127004482","https://openalex.org/W3128465814","https://openalex.org/W3155854296","https://openalex.org/W3174716710","https://openalex.org/W3199149573","https://openalex.org/W4234917632","https://openalex.org/W4241492760","https://openalex.org/W4256177618","https://openalex.org/W6931636349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064636555","https://openalex.org/W2585503716","https://openalex.org/W1939982668","https://openalex.org/W2105014086","https://openalex.org/W2076090200","https://openalex.org/W4312933423","https://openalex.org/W3025682415","https://openalex.org/W1532481220","https://openalex.org/W2081173909","https://openalex.org/W4382317424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Recent":[1],"research":[2],"in":[3],"novelty":[4,41,124],"detection":[5],"focuses":[6],"mainly":[7],"on":[8],"document-level":[9],"classification,":[10],"employing":[11],"deep":[12],"neural":[13],"networks":[14],"(DNN).":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,43,59,88,92],"black-box":[18],"nature":[19],"of":[20,30,87],"DNNs":[21],"makes":[22],"it":[23],"difficult":[24],"to":[25,48,77,80,104,111],"extract":[26],"an":[27],"exact":[28],"explanation":[29],"why":[31],"a":[32,50,67,85,108],"document":[33,60],"is":[34,46,56],"considered":[35],"novel.":[36,114],"In":[37,62],"addition,":[38],"dealing":[39],"with":[40],"at":[42,58],"word":[44,109],"level":[45],"crucial":[47],"provide":[49],"more":[51],"fine-grained":[52],"analysis":[53],"than":[54],"what":[55],"available":[57],"level.":[61],"this":[63,102],"work,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"Tsetlin":[68],"Machine":[69],"(TM)-based":[70],"architecture":[71],"for":[72],"scoring":[73],"individual":[74],"words":[75],"according":[76],"their":[78],"contribution":[79],"novelty.":[81,130],"Our":[82,115],"approach":[83,121],"encodes":[84],"description":[86,103],"novel":[89],"documents":[90,113],"using":[91],"linguistic":[93],"patterns":[94],"captured":[95],"by":[96],"TM":[97],"clauses.":[98],"We":[99],"then":[100],"adapt":[101],"measure":[105],"how":[106,119],"much":[107],"contributes":[110],"making":[112],"experimental":[116],"results":[117],"demonstrate":[118],"our":[120],"breaks":[122],"down":[123],"into":[125],"interpretable":[126],"phrases,":[127],"successfully":[128],"measuring":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
