{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038015627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","title":"Hybridising heuristics within an estimation distribution algorithm for examination timetabling","display_name":"Hybridising heuristics within an estimation distribution algorithm for examination timetabling","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038015627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","mag":"2038015627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/753504","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063920690","display_name":"Rong Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8318-7509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036622034","display_name":"Nam Ngoc Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7973-9267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046750599","display_name":"Ruibin Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-568X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruibin Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo, China, Ningbo, 315100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo, China, Ningbo, 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074319022","display_name":"Graham Kendall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2006-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155043079","display_name":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz9mt17","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}],"countries":["GB","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Kendall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Nottingham, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automated Scheduling, Optimisation and Planning, School of Computer Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Nottingham, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063920690"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92258428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"679","last_page":"693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8455507755279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8273365497589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.8074905872344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6582428812980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyper-heuristic","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","score":0.5365560054779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.49566781520843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4919683635234833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructive","display_name":"Constructive","score":0.45645803213119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-of-distribution-algorithm","display_name":"Estimation of distribution algorithm","score":0.44881904125213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4027446508407593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3620486259460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.341874897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1550201177597046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8455507755279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8273365497589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.8074905872344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6582428812980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117270229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957539","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","level":5,"score":0.5365560054779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49566781520843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4919683635234833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.45645803213119507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162500139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835887","display_name":"Estimation of distribution algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44881904125213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4027446508407593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3620486259460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.341874897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1550201177597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-014-0615-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74726891","display_name":"Applied Intelligence","issn_l":"0924-669X","issn":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:28270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10489-014-0615-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:753504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/753504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:753504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/753504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1956160721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/F033214/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16292936","https://openalex.org/W207226807","https://openalex.org/W920623715","https://openalex.org/W1496922612","https://openalex.org/W1567102157","https://openalex.org/W1692958259","https://openalex.org/W1828541999","https://openalex.org/W1966773610","https://openalex.org/W1984217603","https://openalex.org/W1989380511","https://openalex.org/W1995123252","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2011653811","https://openalex.org/W2014856631","https://openalex.org/W2026566141","https://openalex.org/W2026736398","https://openalex.org/W2028379670","https://openalex.org/W2031012845","https://openalex.org/W2032876227","https://openalex.org/W2043258790","https://openalex.org/W2072441740","https://openalex.org/W2086726443","https://openalex.org/W2092856865","https://openalex.org/W2097428991","https://openalex.org/W2108434616","https://openalex.org/W2109916763","https://openalex.org/W2113588283","https://openalex.org/W2123932009","https://openalex.org/W2135474087","https://openalex.org/W2140759234","https://openalex.org/W2148948822","https://openalex.org/W2161393961","https://openalex.org/W2476096155","https://openalex.org/W4239060922","https://openalex.org/W4253364378"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1628567638","https://openalex.org/W3186374002","https://openalex.org/W2109775141","https://openalex.org/W2526745971","https://openalex.org/W2521454154","https://openalex.org/W2107678394","https://openalex.org/W2521049309","https://openalex.org/W3083497736","https://openalex.org/W2020754965","https://openalex.org/W4297052805"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}