{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131218467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","title":"Semi-parametric estimation of the team wage frontier of European football technology","display_name":"Semi-parametric estimation of the team wage frontier of European football technology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131218467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030719537","display_name":"Gabriel Villa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Villa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, S/N, 41092, Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-1768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, S/N, 41092, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126715804","display_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n Lozano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebasti\u00e1n Lozano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, S/N, 41092, Seville, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos, S/N, 41092, Seville, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030719537"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28049123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"359","issue":"3","first_page":"2655","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/league","display_name":"League","score":0.8730999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.8037999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/football","display_name":"Football","score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage","display_name":"Wage","score":0.6654000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.61080002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-envelopment-analysis","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier","display_name":"Frontier","score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5062000155448914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.8730999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.8037999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778444522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1081491","display_name":"Football","level":2,"score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.6654000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.616599977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.61080002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4546999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6968784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193835","display_name":"Efficiency wage","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780407378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667022","display_name":"Overtime","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103189561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372","display_name":"Basketball","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993400877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28083137","display_name":"Football team","level":3,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139748260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308839","display_name":"Shadow price","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51485801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16966861","display_name":"Efficient frontier","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-026-07103-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6979564428329468}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1540105172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123515NB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G410571670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G451917667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4852653222","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-123515NB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5967599077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310967","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7131218467.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60656133","https://openalex.org/W1487855477","https://openalex.org/W1596939200","https://openalex.org/W1925647500","https://openalex.org/W1975324454","https://openalex.org/W1982958082","https://openalex.org/W1990505854","https://openalex.org/W2014205355","https://openalex.org/W2019023170","https://openalex.org/W2019119811","https://openalex.org/W2029258308","https://openalex.org/W2046966084","https://openalex.org/W2048894180","https://openalex.org/W2050333848","https://openalex.org/W2114193832","https://openalex.org/W2115061427","https://openalex.org/W2160370659","https://openalex.org/W2282731351","https://openalex.org/W2343327555","https://openalex.org/W2713153106","https://openalex.org/W2735526140","https://openalex.org/W2791505518","https://openalex.org/W2795124089","https://openalex.org/W2885067478","https://openalex.org/W2947834757","https://openalex.org/W2972642552","https://openalex.org/W3011200525","https://openalex.org/W3045456789","https://openalex.org/W3045882059","https://openalex.org/W3121497583","https://openalex.org/W3121991191","https://openalex.org/W3162814516","https://openalex.org/W3193049690","https://openalex.org/W4200103266","https://openalex.org/W4200372029","https://openalex.org/W4205639659","https://openalex.org/W4284963275","https://openalex.org/W4294946292","https://openalex.org/W4362677561","https://openalex.org/W4381848516","https://openalex.org/W4385483826","https://openalex.org/W4390024541","https://openalex.org/W4398252573","https://openalex.org/W4404881345"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"paper,":[3],"the":[4,9,13,30,35,49,77,85,89,122,136,141,144,149,157,173,180,183,215,222,245,261,277],"team":[5,83],"wage":[6,119,200,216,270],"function":[7],"of":[8,68,88,95,143,159,172,182,214,237],"football":[10,17],"teams":[11,132,162,238],"in":[12,108,135,140,148],"5":[14,207],"major":[15],"European":[16],"leagues":[18,125],"is":[19,202,218],"estimated":[20,198],"using":[21],"information":[22],"about":[23],"their":[24,101],"sports":[25,282],"results":[26,116,283],"and":[27,41,48,84,104,188,230,241,252,257],"controlling":[28],"for":[29,81,131,205],"national":[31,124],"league":[32],"they":[33,44],"play,":[34],"international":[36,137],"competitions":[37,138],"(i.e.,":[38],"Champions":[39,145],"League":[40,146],"Europe":[42],"League)":[43],"participate":[45,134],"each":[46,82,96,109],"year":[47],"fresh":[50],"promotions.":[51],"The":[52,60,92,115,197],"dataset":[53],"used":[54,62],"covers":[55],"seasons":[56],"2018/19":[57],"to":[58,64,106,170,250,266,273,281],"2024/25.":[59],"methodology":[61],"corresponds":[63],"stochastic":[65],"semi-parametric":[66],"envelopment":[67],"data":[69],"with":[70,168,234],"contextual":[71,90],"variables":[72],"(StoNEZD),":[73],"which":[74],"allows":[75],"estimating":[76],"outputs":[78],"shadow":[79],"prices":[80],"marginal":[86],"effects":[87],"variables.":[91],"inefficiency":[93,201],"score":[94],"team,":[97],"as":[98,100,126,128],"well":[99,127],"scale":[102,107,251],"efficiency":[103],"returns":[105,249,265],"season,":[110],"have":[111,231],"also":[112,178],"been":[113],"estimated.":[114],"show":[117],"significant":[118,195],"differences":[120],"between":[121],"different":[123],"higher":[129,229],"wages":[130,158,278],"that":[133,156,210,276],"(higher":[139],"case":[142],"than":[147],"Europa":[150],"League).":[151],"Also,":[152],"it":[153,191],"was":[154,192],"found":[155,194],"freshly":[160],"promoted":[161],"do":[163],"not":[164,193,219],"catch":[165],"up":[166],"immediately":[167],"respect":[169],"those":[171],"more":[174],"established":[175],"clubs.":[176],"We":[177],"tested":[179],"effect":[181],"COVID-19":[184],"pandemic":[185],"(seasons":[186],"2019/20":[187],"2020/21)":[189],"but":[190],"pandemic.":[196],"average":[199],"rather":[203],"low":[204],"all":[206],"leagues,":[208],"indicating":[209],"a":[211,235,269],"substantial":[212],"part":[213],"expenses":[217],"explained":[220],"by":[221],"observed":[223],"ex-post":[224],"performance.":[225],"Scale":[226],"efficiencies":[227],"are":[228],"less":[232],"dispersion,":[233],"majority":[236],"(between":[239,255],"62":[240],"75%,":[242],"depending":[243,259],"on":[244,260],"league)":[246,262],"exhibiting":[247,263],"increasing":[248],"another":[253],"fraction":[254],"25":[256],"35%,":[258],"decreasing":[264],"scale.":[267],"Interestingly,":[268],"floor":[271],"seems":[272],"exist":[274],"so":[275],"become":[279],"insensitive":[280],"below":[284],"certain":[285],"thresholds.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}
