{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194567246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","title":"Discovering optimal strategy in tactical combat scenarios through the evolution of behaviour trees","display_name":"Discovering optimal strategy in tactical combat scenarios through the evolution of behaviour trees","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194567246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","mag":"3194567246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044828278","display_name":"Martin Ma\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8620-6779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Masek","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8620-6779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078416291","display_name":"Chiou Peng Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4843-9229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiou Peng Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101668261","display_name":"Luke Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-3821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053378706","display_name":"Martin D. F. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-9688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303474014","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":"https://ror.org/05ddrvt52","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I3139952251"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303474014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044828278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.5597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73454334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"320","issue":"2","first_page":"901","last_page":"936"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.7803053259849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7327046394348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6951919198036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6656911969184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5554161667823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.4209277927875519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3472772240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.346956729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14530736207962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1329973042011261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.7803053259849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7327046394348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6951919198036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6656911969184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5554161667823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4209277927875519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3472772240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.346956729888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14530736207962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1329973042011261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ro.ecu.edu.au:ecuworkspost2013-11985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/10979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research outputs 2014 to 2021","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:annopr:v:320:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10479-021-04225-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-021-04225-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320988","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335334","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Group","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3194567246.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524728167","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1605963739","https://openalex.org/W1607768087","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1642239575","https://openalex.org/W1660754132","https://openalex.org/W1981689130","https://openalex.org/W2091937574","https://openalex.org/W2106034241","https://openalex.org/W2113726754","https://openalex.org/W2150823748","https://openalex.org/W2159283652","https://openalex.org/W2167159964","https://openalex.org/W2589327040","https://openalex.org/W2886218543","https://openalex.org/W2962727321","https://openalex.org/W2972705364","https://openalex.org/W2982316857","https://openalex.org/W3009220638","https://openalex.org/W3120372680","https://openalex.org/W3168839731","https://openalex.org/W4298140396","https://openalex.org/W4299335686","https://openalex.org/W6636430470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250775169","https://openalex.org/W4309231192","https://openalex.org/W2064563243","https://openalex.org/W3165104833","https://openalex.org/W2012783289","https://openalex.org/W2018678701","https://openalex.org/W2753425608","https://openalex.org/W4249573192","https://openalex.org/W2053800633","https://openalex.org/W1986447712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"paper":[3],"we":[4],"address":[5],"the":[6,33,46,81,100,120,150],"problem":[7],"of":[8,25,35,42,55,87,123,149],"automatically":[9],"discovering":[10],"optimal":[11,95],"tactics":[12],"in":[13,17],"a":[14,23,52,63,73,128],"combat":[15,64],"scenario":[16],"which":[18,78,93],"two":[19],"opposing":[20],"sides":[21],"control":[22],"number":[24],"fighting":[26],"units.":[27],"Our":[28,48],"approach":[29,75],"is":[30,83,97,117],"based":[31],"on":[32],"evolution":[34],"behaviour":[36,49,69],"trees,":[37],"combined":[38],"with":[39,67,137],"simulation-based":[40],"evaluation":[41],"solutions":[43],"to":[44,62,106,131],"drive":[45],"evolution.":[47,134],"trees":[50],"use":[51],"small":[53,121],"set":[54,86,122],"possible":[56,124],"actions":[57],"that":[58,115],"can":[59],"be":[60],"assigned":[61],"unit,":[65],"along":[66],"standard":[68],"tree":[70,82],"constructs":[71],"and":[72,108,146],"novel":[74],"for":[76,92,127],"selecting":[77],"action":[79],"from":[80,99,119],"performed.":[84],"A":[85],"test":[88],"scenarios":[89,103],"was":[90],"designed":[91],"an":[94],"strategy":[96,130],"known":[98],"literature.":[101],"These":[102],"were":[104,140],"used":[105],"explore":[107],"evaluate":[109],"our":[110],"approach.":[111],"The":[112],"results":[113],"indicate":[114],"it":[116],"possible,":[118],"unit":[125],"actions,":[126],"complex":[129],"emerge":[132],"through":[133],"Combat":[135],"units":[136],"different":[138],"capabilities":[139],"observed":[141],"exhibiting":[142],"coordinated":[143],"team":[144],"work":[145],"exploiting":[147],"aspects":[148],"environment.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}